Conversations on Consciousness and the Bicameral Mind: Notes & Citations

The entire list of notes and citations for Conversations on Consciousness and the Bicameral Mind.

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Intro-01For example, John Gliedman noted, “If Jaynes’s theories are right, he could become the Darwin of the mind” (“Julian Jaynes and the Ancient Mind-Gods,” Science Digest, January 1982). Don Wooten wrote that Jaynes’s theory “is the most important bit of theorizing since The Origin of Species.” (Quad-City Times, Davenport, Iowa, July 1, 1990). For more reviews of Julian Jaynes’s theory, see the Julian Jaynes Society website: julianjaynes.org.
Intro-02James E. Morriss, “Reflections on Julian Jaynes’s The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind: An Essay Review,” ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 1978, 35, 3.
Intro-03Daniel Dennett, Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds (MIT Press, 1998).
Intro-04Michael Persinger, “Foreword,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
Intro-05The theory is recognized as possibly the best explanation for the origin of religion by the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in The God Delusion (Mariner Books, 2006) and the late philosopher David Stove in “The Oracles and Their Cessation: A Tribute to Julian Jaynes” (Encounter, 1989, 72; reprinted in Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness). See also Tanya Luhrmann’s “Knowing God” (The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology, 2017, 35, 2) and her interview in this volume, “Hearing Voices, Sensed Presences, and Imagined ‘Others’.”
Intro-06Jaynes’s theory inspired the first influential modern investigation into hearing voices in a non-clinical population, “Auditory Hallucinations of Hearing Voices in 375 Normal Subjects,” by the psychologist Thomas Posey and then graduate student Mary E. Losch (Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 1983, 3, 2). Also inspired by Jaynes, the psychiatrist John Hamilton published “Auditory Hallucinations in Nonverbal Quadriplegics (Psychiatry, 1985, 48, 4). The claim that many individuals with no diagnosis of mental illness hear voices was provocative, and a flood of research investigating auditory hallucinations in a wide variety of non-clinical populations soon followed.
Intro-07For more on the Hearing Voices Network and Jaynes’s influence, see Marius Romme, Sandra Escher, and Dirk Corsten’s interview in this volume, “Making Sense of Voices.”
Intro-08I.E.C. Sommer, Language Lateralization in Schizophrenia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Utrecht, 2004); K. Diederen and I.E.C. Sommer, “Auditory Verbal Hallucinations and Language Lateralization,” in I.E.C. Sommer and R.S. Kahn (eds.), Language Lateralization and Psychosis (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Intro-09Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (University of Chicago Press, 1962/1996).
Intro-10Quoted in William Beveridge, The Art of Scientific Investigation (W.W. Norton & Co., 1950).
Intro-11Some of the most common misconceptions will be addressed in several of the interviews that follow. I have addressed many others on the Julian Jaynes Society website in the “Critiques & Responses” and “Myths vs. Facts” sections, where interested readers can evaluate them for themselves.
Intro-12See Sara Dellantonio and Luigi Pastore, “Ignorance, Misconceptions and Critical Thinking,” Synthese, 2021, 198 and Nils J. Nilsson, Understanding Beliefs (MIT Press, 2014) for interesting ideas.
Intro-13Jaynes makes a similar point about the limits of our ability to evaluate our own consciousness using an analogy of a flashlight in a dark room. Everywhere the flashlight turns, the room is brightly lit, so it remains unaware of the surrounding darkness. Similarly, because we cannot be conscious of things outside of our consciousness, we erroneously conclude that consciousness is involved in all mentality.
Intro-14Jonathan Evans and Keith Frankish, In Two Minds: Dual Processes and Beyond (Oxford University Press, 2009); Roy F. Baumeister, E.J. Masicampo, and Kathleen D. Vohs, “Do Conscious Thoughts Cause Behavior?” Annual Review of Psychology, 2011, 62.
Intro-15L.J. Eaves, H.J. Eysenck, and N.G. Martin, Genes, Culture, and Personality: An Empirical Approach (Academic Press, 1989); Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (Penguin, 2002). See Joseph Weiss, “Unconscious Mental Functioning,” Scientific American, 1990, 262, 3; Tim Crane, “Unconscious Belief and Conscious Thought,” in U. Kriegel (ed.), Phenomenal Intentionality (Oxford University Press, 2013).
Intro-16See Joseph Weiss, “Unconscious Mental Functioning,” Scientific American, 1990, 262, 3; Tim Crane, “Unconscious Belief and Conscious Thought,” in U. Kriegel (ed.), Phenomenal Intentionality (Oxford University Press, 2013).
Intro-17A cognitive bias known as the “confirmation bias.” See Raymond S. Nickerson, “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises,” Review of General Psychology, 1998, 2, 2. For an excellent discussion of a wide range of nonconscious cognitive biases, see Daniel Kahneman, Thinking Fast and Slow (Penguin, 2011), which could have been titled “Thinking Nonconsciously and Consciously.” Mercier and Sperber’s The Enigma of Reason (Harvard University Press, 2017) and Sloman and Fernbach’s The Knowledge Illusion (Riverhead Books, 2017) look at the problem of cognitive biases from the perspective of evolutionary psychology.
Intro-18This exercise was first proposed by Francis Bacon, the “father of inductive reasoning,” in his 1620 book Novum Organum Scientiarum [New Instrument of Science]. Because of the largely unacknowledged role of underlying (and often nonconscious) premises and beliefs in opinion formation, intellectual discussion and debate is often unproductive when focused solely on facts and evidence. Underlying premises and beliefs must first be identified and addressed.
Intro-19Just learning to identify reliable sources can initially be challenging. Whenever financial incentives come into play, deliberate deception becomes an additional source of confusion. For example, industry-funded “studies” should generally be treated as suspect until proven otherwise. One would similarly want to avoid making decisions relying solely on information from those who stand to profit from your decision, such as anyone in sales — including salespeople masquerading as “financial advisors.” Apart from the corrupting influence of financial incentives, biases can also develop based simply on reputation or defending past work. This type of bias is often seen among academics, who rarely change their views on theories or ideologies that they are already heavily invested in, even in light of new evidence. Hence Max Planck’s often quoted observation that “science progresses one funeral at a time.”
Intro-20Michael Persinger, “Foreword,” in Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness.
Intro-21Victor Caston, “Aristotle on Consciousness,” Mind, 2002, 111, 444.
Intro-22Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, p. 450. See also, Julian Jaynes, “McMaster-Bauer Symposium on Consciousness: Response to Discussants,” Canadian Psychology, 1986, 27, 2; reprinted in M. Kuijsten (ed.), The Julian Jaynes Collection (Julian Jaynes Society, 2012).
Intro-23William James, The Principles of Psychology (Henry Holt and Company, 1890); Morton Hunt, The Story of Psychology (Anchor Books, 1993).
Intro-24Christopher U. M. Smith, “Charles Darwin, the Origin of Consciousness, and Panpsychism,” Journal of the History of Biology, 1978, 11, 2.
Intro-25Jaynes points out that the British mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell was an early proponent of this misconception (Origin, p. 448). For a more recent example, see Francis Crick, The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul (Scribner, 1995). Crick seems to equate consciousness with visual perception, which we share with nearly all non-human animals.
Intro-26For more on this see Marcel Kuijsten, “Close-Mindedness and Mysticism in Science: Commentary on John Smythies’s Review of Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness,” The Jaynesian, 2009, 3, 2.
Intro-27Regarding cave art, see Julian Jaynes, “Paleolithic Cave Paintings As Eidetic Images,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1979, 2, 605-607 (reprinted in The Julian Jaynes Collection) and Nicholas Humphrey, “Cave Art, Autism, and the Evolution of the Human Mind,” Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 1998, 8, 2. The mistaken assumption that consciousness emerged biologically sometime in human evolution also presents an obstacle to understanding Jaynes’s arguments for bicameral mentality: if consciousness is 50,000 to 100,000 years old, then there is no need to take into account a different human mentality prior to consciousness.
Intro-28Because Jaynes’s insights are counterintuitive to the common assumption that consciousness is involved in all mentality — which is an illusion based on our everyday experience — I strongly encourage those interested in the theory to read the first two chapters and the Afterword of Jaynes’s The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind several times, in order to gain a solid understanding of his discussion of this topic. Reading the discussions in The Julian Jaynes Collection will also greatly enhance one’s understanding of the theory.
Intro-29The field of chemistry underwent a similar much needed process of normalizing terminology and conventions during the nineteenth century. In A Short History of Nearly Everything (Broadway Books, 2003), Bill Bryson notes that prior to this, “there was hardly a molecule that was universally rendered everywhere.”
Intro-30See Brian J. McVeigh, The ‘Other’ Psychology of Julian Jaynes: Ancient Languages, Sacred Visions, and Forgotten Mentalities (Imprint Academic, 2018) and his interview in Part I of this volume.
Intro-31See Julian Jaynes, “Four Hypotheses On The Origin of Mind,” Proceedings of the 9th International Wittgenstein Symposium, 1985, 135-142 (reprinted in The Julian Jaynes Collection). Jaynes also describes his four hypotheses in the Afterword to his book, which appears in the 1990 and later editions.
Intro-32Paul Grondahl, “A Pleasant Talk with Julian Jaynes,” The Trail [Newsletter of the University of Puget Sound], March 26, 1980, 2, 18.
Intro-33For a comparison of the ideas of Jaynes and Wittgenstein, see Ralf Funke’s lecture, “The Dangerous Metaphor: Wittgenstein and Jaynes and the Rise of Neobehaviorism” (Julian Jaynes Society, 2013).
Intro-34For a comparison of Jaynes’s ideas with those of Lakoff and Johnson, see Stanley A. Mulaik, “The Metaphoric Origins of Objectivity, Subjectivity, and Consciousness in the Direct Perception of Reality,” Philosophy of Science, 1995, 62, 2 and Ted Remington’s interview in this volume.
Intro-35Daniel Dennett, in J. Brockman (ed.), What We Believe but Cannot Prove: Today’s Leading Thinkers on Science in the Age of Certainty (Harper Perennial, 2006).
Intro-36José Luis Bermúdez, “The Limits of Thinking Without Words,” in J.L. Bermúdez, Thinking Without Words (Oxford University Press, 2003).
Intro-37John Limber, “Language and Consciousness,” in Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness; Mulaik, “The Metaphoric Origins of Objectivity, Subjectivity, and Consciousness in the Direct Perception of Reality.”
Intro-38My discussion here assumes a right-handed person, for sake of simplicity. The term “dominant” refers to the dominant hemisphere for language, or the hemisphere where language is primarily processed in a given individual. In left handed people, hemisphere dominance for language is often mixed or reversed.
Intro-39Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China,” in Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness; Todd Gibson, “Souls, Gods, Kings, and Mountains,” and “Listening for Ancient Voices,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Gods, Voices, and the Bicameral Mind (Julian Jaynes Society, 2016).
Intro-40See Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China.”
Intro-41Ferren MacIntyre, “Talking Moai?” Rapa Nui Journal, 1999, 13, 4.
Intro-42Steve Reece, “Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey: From Oral Performance to Written Text,” in M.C. Amodio (ed.), New Directions in Oral Theory (Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2005).
Intro-43See, for example, Carlos Diuk, et al., “A Quantitative Philology of Introspection,” Frontiers in
Integrative Neuroscience, September 2012; Boban Dedović, “‘Minds’ in ‘Homer’: A Quantitative Psycholinguistic Comparison of the Iliad and Odyssey,” PsyArXiv Preprints, 2021.
Intro-44See James Cohn, The Minds of the Bible (Julian Jaynes Society, 2013); Brian J. McVeigh, The Psychology of the Bible (Imprint Academic, 2020); Jonathan Bernier, “The Consciousness of John’s Gospel,” The Bible and Critical Theory, 2010, 6, 2.
Intro-45Martin Seligman, “Agency in Greco-Roman Philosophy,” The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2021, 16, 1.
Intro-46Wilder Penfield and Phanor Perot, “The Brain’s Record of Auditory and Visual Experience: A Final Summary and Discussion,” Brain, 1963, 86, 595-702.
Intro-47Belinda Lennox, et al., “Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Neural Activity Associated with Auditory Hallucinations,” Lancet, 1999, 353, 644.
Intro-48Leo Sher, “Neuroimaging, Auditory Hallucinations, and The Bicameral Mind,” Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 2000, 25, 3; Robert Olin, “Auditory Hallucinations and the Bicameral Mind,” Lancet, 1999, 354, 9173.
Intro-49Andrea E. Cavanna and Andrea Nani, Consciousness: Theories in Neuroscience and Philosophy of Mind (Springer, 2014).
Intro-50Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, p. 456.
1.01Chester Starr, The Awakening of the Greek Historical Spirit (Knopf, 1968).
1.02See Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Houghton-Mifflin, 1976/2000), pgs. 59-66 and p. 451.
1.03See also, José Luis Bermúdez “The Limits of Thinking Without Words,” in J.L. Bermúdez, Thinking Without Words (Oxford University Press, 2007).
1.04Nicholas Humphrey, “Cave Art, Autism, and the Evolution of the Human Mind,” Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 1998, 8, 2.
1.05Walter Kutschera, “On the Enigma of Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020, 117, 16.
1.06A rare exception was an 1881 study by Francis Galton titled “The Visions of Sane Persons.”
1.07Thomas B. Posey and Mary E. Losch, “Auditory Hallucinations of Hearing Voices in 375 Normal Subjects,” Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 1983, 3, 2, 99–113.
1.08John Hamilton, “Auditory Hallucinations in Nonverbal Quadriplegics,” Psychiatry, 1985, 48, 4; reprinted in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
1.09See the interviews with James Cohn, Boban Dedović, Todd Gibson, and Brian McVeigh in this
volume.
1.10Belinda R. Lennox, et al., “Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Neural Activity Associated with
Auditory Hallucinations,” Lancet, 1999, 353, 644.
1.11Robert Olin, “Auditory Hallucinations and the Bicameral Mind,” Lancet, 1999, 354, 166; Leo
Sher, “Neuroimaging, Auditory Hallucinations, and The Bicameral Mind,” Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 2000, 25, 3, 239-40.
1.12See Iris Sommer and Sanne Brederoo’s interview, “Auditory Hallucinations and the Right Hemisphere,” in this volume.
1.13Renaud Jardri, et al., “Activation of Bilateral Auditory Cortex during Verbal Hallucinations in a
Child with Schizophrenia,” Molecular Psychiatry, 2007, 12, 4, 319.
1.14Mousa Taghipour and Fariborz Ghaffarpasand, “Corpus Callosotomy for Drug-Resistant Schizophrenia: Novel Treatment Based on Pathophysiology,” World Neurosurgery, 2018, 116, 483-484.
1.15Additional portions of this interview discussing more nuanced aspects of Jaynes’s theory can be
found in the Appendix.
2.01See Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Houghton Mifflin, 1976/1990), Chapters 1 and 2, as well as the Afterword to the 1990 and later editions.
2.02Philip Zelazo, et al., “The Development of Consciousness,” in P. Zelazo, et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook on Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
2.03Susan Curtiss and Harry A Whitaker, Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern-Day Wild Child (Academic Press, 2014).
2.04Elizabeth Edson Gibson Evans, The Story of Kaspar Hauser from Authentic Records (Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1892).
2.05Oliver Sacks, Seeing Voices: A Journey into the World of the Deaf (University of California Press, 1989).
2.06Helen Keller, The World I Live In (The Century Company, 1908), Chapter 11, pgs. 113–117.
2.07Ibid., p. 116.
3.01See for example, P.D. Zelazo, H.H. Gao, and R. Todd, “The Development of Consciousness,” in P.D. Zelazo (ed.),The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
3.02Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Houghton-Mifflin, 1976), pgs. 64-65.
3.03Tor Nørretranders, The User Illusion: Cutting Consciousness Down to Size (Viking, 1998).
4.01Eric Havelock, Preface to Plato (Belknap Press, 1962); Walter Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (Routledge, 1982).
4.02See Elizabeth Bell Carroll’s interview, “A Vestige of the Bicameral Mind in the Modern World,” in
this volume.
5.01Angeline Lillard, “Ethnopsychologies: Cultural Variations in Theory of Mind,” Psychological Bulletin, 1998, 123, 1.
6.01See Jan Sleutels, “The Flintstones Fallacy,” Dialogue and Universalism, 2013, 1, 65-75.
6.02Jan Sleutels, “Greek Zombies,” Philosophical Psychology, April 2006, 19, 2, 177-197. Revised version
in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
6.03Ned Block, “Review of Julian Jaynes’ The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind,” Cognition and Brain Theory, 1981,4, 81-83.
6.04Bruno Snell, The Discovery of the Mind: In Greek Philosophy and Literature (Dover, 1951).
6.05See Jan Sleutels, “Fringe Mind Strategies,” AVANT: Journal of the Philosophical-Interdisciplinary Vanguard, 2013, 2, 59-80.
7.01Russell T. Hurlburt, “A Schizophrenic Woman Who Heard Voices of the Gods,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Gods, Voices, and the Bicameral Mind: The Theories of Julian Jaynes (Julian Jaynes Society, 2016); see also T.M. Luhrmann and J. Marrow (eds.), Our Most Troubling Madness: Case Studies in Schizophrenia across Cultures (University of California Press, 2016), pgs. 99-126.
7.02See Julian Jaynes, “The Ghost of a Flea: Visions of William Blake,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006); Carole Brooks Platt, In Their Right Minds: The Lives and Shared Practices of Poetic Geniuses (Imprint Academic, 2015).
7.03N.A. Harvey, Imaginary Playmates and Other Mental Phenomena of Children (State Normal College, 1918).
7.04D. Pearson, et al., “Prevalence of Imaginary Companions in a Normal Child Population,” Child, 2001, 27, 1.
7.05D. Pearson, et al., “Auditory Hallucinations in Normal Child Populations,” Personality and Individual Differences, 2001, 31, 3.
7.06See the interview with Tanya Luhrmann, “Hearing Voices, Sensed Presences, and Imagined ‘Others’” in this volume.
7.07G. Lynn Stephens and George Graham, When Self-Consciousness Breaks: Alien Voices and Inserted Thoughts (MIT Press, 2000).
7.08Michael Pollan, How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence (Penguin Press, 2018).
7.09E. Schechter, Self-Consciousness and “Split” Brains: The Minds’ I (Oxford University Press, 2018).
7.10J.H. Hageman, et al., “The Neurobiology of Trance and Mediumship in Brazil,” in S. Krippner and H.L. Friedman (eds.), Mysterious Minds (Praeger, 2009).
7.11S.C. Krippner and A. Combs, “The Neurophenomenology of Shamanism: An Essay Review,” Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2002 9, 77–82; D. Lehmann, et al., “Brain Sources of EEG Gamma Frequency During Volitionally Meditation-Induced, Altered States of Consciousness, and Experience of the Self,” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 2001, 108, 111–121.
7.12For more on hypnosis, see the interviews with Edoardo Casiglia, John Kihlstrom, and Laurence Sugarman in this volume.
7.13See Julian Jaynes, “The Ghost of a Flea: Visions of William Blake,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006); Judith Weissman, Of Two Minds: Poets Who Hear Voices (Wesleyan University Press, 1993); Carole Brooks Platt, In Their Right Minds: The Lives and Shared Practices of Poetic Geniuses (Imprint Academic, 2015); Julie Kane, “Poetry as Right-Hemispheric Language,” Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2004, 11, 5, 21-59.
7.14Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
7.15Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Houghton-Mifflin, 1976), p. 143.
8.01See Julian Jaynes, “Sensory Pain and Conscious Pain,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1985, 8, 1; reprinted in M. Kuijsten (ed.), The Julian Jaynes Collection (Julian Jaynes Society, 2012).
8.02Michael Carr, “The *K’ôg ‘To Dead Father’ Hypothesis,” Review of the Liberal Arts, 1989, 77.
8.03Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
8.04Michael Carr, “Sidelights on Xin ‘Heart; Mind’ in the Shijing,” Proceedings of the 31st International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa, Tokyo and Kyoto, August 31-September 7, 1983.
8.05See Brian McVeigh’s interview, “Evidence for Bicameral Mentality in the Bible,” in this volume.
8.06For more on the Bicameral Civilizational Inventory see pages 277-278 and p. 358.
8.07Additional portions of this interview on other aspects of Brian McVeigh’s research can be found in the Appendix.
9.01Tanya Luhrmann, interview in “What Book Changed Your Mind?” The Chronicle Review, November 7, 2014.
9.02Bruno Snell, The Discovery of the Mind: In Greek Philosophy and Literature (Dover, 1951).
9.03T.M. Luhrmann, “Living with Voices,” The American Scholar, Summer 2012.
9.04T.M. Luhrmann, When God Talks Back: Understanding the American Evangelical Relationship with God (Knopf, 2012).
9.05Daniel Paul Schreber, Memoirs of My Nervous Illness (NYRB Classics, 1903/2000).
9.06T.M. Luhrmann and Jocelyn Marrow (eds.), Our Most Troubling Madness: Case Studies in Schizophrenia across Cultures (University of California Press, 2016).
9.07Julian Jaynes, “Verbal Hallucinations and Preconscious Mentality,” in Manfred Spitzer and Brendan A. Maher (eds.), Philosophy and Psychopathology (Springer-Verlag, 1990).
9.08T.M. Luhrmann, “The Culture of the Institutional Circuit in the United States,” in T.M. Luhrmann and Jocelyn Marrow (eds.), Our Most Troubling Madness: Case Studies in Schizophrenia across Cultures (University of California Press, 2016).
9.09Julia G. Lebovitz, R. Padmavati, Hema Tharoor, and T.M. Luhrmann, “Sexual Shaming and Violent Commands in Schizophrenia: Cultural Differences in Distressing Voices in India and the United States,” Schizophrenia Bulletin Open, 2021, 2, 1.
9.10J. Mitchell and A.D. Vierkant, “Delusions and Hallucinations as a Reflection of the Subcultural
Milieu Among Psychotic Patients of the 1930s and 1980s,” The Journal of Psychology, 1989, 123, 3.
9.11T.M. Luhrmann, How God Becomes Real: Rekindling the Presence of Invisible Others (Princeton University Press, 2020); T.M. Luhrmann, Kara Weisman, Felicity Aulino, et al., “Sensing the Presence of Gods and Spirits Across Cultures and Faiths,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021, 118, 5.
9.12Josephine R. Hilgard, Personality and Hypnosis: A Study of Imaginative Involvement (University of Chicago Press, 1970).
9.13Charles M. Stang, Our Divine Double (Harvard University Press, 2016).
9.14B. Grady and K.M. Loewenthal, “Features Associated with Speaking in Tongues (Glossolalia),” British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1997, 70; see also Franco Fabbro, et al., “Contributions of Neuropsychology to the Study of Ancient Literature,” Frontiers in Psychology, 2018, 9.
9.15T.M. Luhrmann, et al., “Sensing the Presence of Gods and Spirits Across Cultures and Faiths.”
9.16T.M. Luhrmann, et al., “Toward An Anthropological Theory of Mind: Position Papers from the Lemelson Conference,” Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society, 2011, 36, 4.
9.17T.M. Luhrmann and M. Fortier, “The Anthropology of Mind: Exploring Unusual Sensations and Spiritual Experiences Across Cultures. An Interview with Tanya Luhrmann,” ALIUS Bulletin, 2017,1.
10.01Lars Jacobsson and Robert Giel (eds.), Mental Health in Ethiopia (1999).
10.02See Michel Knols’s interview “Living with Voices” in this volume; see also Michel Knols and Dirk Corstens, “Tuning In: A Story by A Patient and A Therapist about Making Sense of Voices,” Mental Health Today, November-December 2011, 28-32.
12.01Peter Suedfeld and John Geiger, “The Sensed Presence As A Coping Resource in Extreme Environments,” in J.H. Ellens (ed.), Miracles: God, Science, and Psychology in the Paranormal, Volume 3, Parapsychological Perspectives (Praeger Publishers, 2008).
12.02John Geiger, The Third Man Factor: Surviving the Impossible (Penguin Canada, 2008).
12.03Although the book’s copyright is 1976, it did not appear on store shelves until January 1977.
13.01L.I. Sugarman, B.L. Garrison, and K.L. Williford, “Symptoms as Solutions: Hypnosis and Biofeedback for Autonomic Regulation in Autism Spectrum Disorders,” The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2013, 56, 152–173.
13.02See Stephen W. Porges, The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-Regulation (W. W. Norton & Company, 2011).
13.03Anna E. Hope and Laurence I. Sugarman, “Orienting Hypnosis,” American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2015, 57, 3, 212-29.
13.04Julian Jaynes, “The Consequences of Consciousness: Emory University Discussion,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), The Julian Jaynes Collection (Julian Jaynes Society, 2012).
13.05Laurence I. Sugarman, Julie H. Linden and Lee W. Brooks, Changing Minds with Clinical Hypnosis: Narratives and Discourse for a New Health Care Paradigm (Routledge, 2020).
13.06Charles E. Rosenberg, “The Tyranny of Diagnosis: Specific Entities and Individual Experience,” Milbank Quarterly, 2002, 80, 2, 237-260.
13.07T.M. Luhrmann and Jocelynn Marrow (eds.), Our Most Troubling Madness: Case Studies in Schizophrenia across Cultures (University of California Press, 2016).
13.08Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (University of Chicago Press, 1996).
14.01The set of means useful, but not essential, to rapidly reach the hypnotic trance in particular settings.
14.02For the Franco Granone School, the basis of hypnotic trance is “plastic monoideism,” or the realization of a mental image leading — thanks to the hypnotic condition — to such a high level of concentration and intensity as to become “plastic,” in other words, able to produce both psychic and physical effects.
14.03The term consciousness was introduced by John Locke in the seventeenth century. Initially there was no distinction between moral conscience and egoic consciousness.
14.04Two entities that — given the confusion existing in this field — I will treat here as synonyms, although Jung, a couple of times in his Opera Omnia, speaks of “the consciousness of the I” and Julian Jaynes considers the I “an aspect of consciousness.” See Julian Jaynes, La Natura Diacronica della Coscienza [The Diachronic Nature of Consciousness] (Aldephi 2014). I strongly prefer the ‘I’ because it seems to me the “ego” sounds too Freudian. For Jaynes the ‘I’ is an analog.
14.05See Professor Casiglia’s Google Scholar profile for details: https://scholar.google.it/citations?user=-C34e8ocAAAAJ.
14.06My first scientific publication on hypnosis, also presented to a congress of internal medicine, was titled “Hypnosis as a Tool for Evaluating the Cortical Component of Haemodynamic Variations.” Many years later, with much more experience and many more experiments to my credit, I published an article titled, “Measured Outcomes with Hypnosis as an Experimental Tool in a Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory,” which was very successful.
14.07“Dream” is called “traum” in German, the original language of psychoanalysis.
14.08“Constellation” is the aptitude to group the things of the world, giving them an apparent meaning, a phenomenon called pareidolia. Four U.S. Navy ships were given the name Constellation in honor of the “constellation of the stars” of the American flag. My opinion is that all cognitive images of the world are constellations (of photons, if visual). See E. Casiglia, L’Io e le sue Voci [The I and its Voices] (CLEUP, 2015), pgs. 66-67. Jung was the first to talk about “constellation of the unconscious.”
14.09Such as those due to Supernova W44, which around 20,000 years ago exploded only 6,000 lightyears from the earth, for many millennia spreading protons that, on impact with matter, produce highly mutagenic γ-rays, contributing to rapid changes in the course of terrestrial biology
14.10Present day ab origines, “since their origins.”
14.11But the same did not happen with the analogous upper limbs of certain dinosaurs, also not necessary for walking, because the echogenetic context was different as they lacked adequate brain development.
14.12In: Natives: Canti degli indiani d’America [Songs of American Natives] (Mondadori, 2005).
14.13Present even today among some preliterate peoples, who do not know the wheel or agriculture, and consequently of civitas.
14.14Genesis, 22, 7.
14.15For instance, Iliad, XXI, 663 or XXII, 99.
14.16Julian Jaynes, The Origin of the Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Houghton Mifflin, 1976/1990). See also the interview with Boban Dedović, “The Evolution of Mental Language in the Iliad and the Odyssey,” in this volume.
14.17Contemporary schizophrenics are “living fossils of bicameral people.”
14.18Which are many and could express the concept “My name is Λεγιὼν (legion) because there are many of us” as reported in the Gospel of Mark 5: 8-9. Note that in Greek δαίμων (dáimon, then usually translated into demon) is the equivalent of the Latin spiritus (spirit, i.e., a numinous agent, not necessarily negative, even divine).
14.19Arthur Schopenhauer, Der Handschriftliche Nachlaß [The Handwritten Legacy] (Arthur Hübscher, ed.) (1885/1985).
14.20Rudolf Virchow, Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre, 1858, in Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 2003, 147, 2236-2244.
14.21See Jaynes, La Natura Diacronica della Coscienza [The Diachronic Nature of Consciousness].
14.22In the absence of adequate semantics, I don’t know how to better explain this concept. I think it is impossible, mainly because “being” is also a verb and ‘I’ is also a pronoun.
14.23To be precise, we hear them in inner speech, on the occasion of silent reading and during some physiological hallucinations such as the hypnagogic and hypnopompic ones, which can be reproduced with hypnosis.
14.24Julian Jaynes, “Consciousness and the Voices of the Mind: Open Discussion,” Canadian Psychology, 1986, 21, 2; reprinted in M. Kuijsten (ed.), The Julian Jaynes Collection (Julian Jaynes Society, 2012).
14.25The price of this verbalization was Homo sapiens’ renunciation of the non-mediated understanding of the symbols of the unconscious. These symbols are now free to act but often are not understood, frequently generating neuroses and other pathologies, but also generating the egoic consciousness.
14.26E. Casiglia, et al., “Granone’s Plastic Monoideism Demonstrated by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI),” Psychology, 2019, 10, 434-448; E. Casiglia, et al., “Hypnosis Meets Anaesthesia: Mechanisms of Hypnotic Analgesia Explained by Functional Magnetic Resonance (fMRI),” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2020, 68, 1-15.
14.27Pierre-Simon Laplace, A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities (1814), translated from the sixth French edition (John Wiley & Sons, 1902).
14.28An interruption of the cause > effect principle should have the rank of a Big Bang or of a miracle. These events do not belong to the naturalistic Universe; they are outside of the Universe.
14.29Benjamin Libet, et al., “Time of Conscious Intention to Act in Relation to Onset of Cerebral Activity (Readiness-Potential): The Unconscious Initiation of a Freely Voluntary Act,” Brain, 1983, 106, 623-642.
14.30C.S. Soon, et al., “Unconscious Determinants of Free Decisions in the Human Brain,” Nature Neuroscience, 2008, 11, 543-545.
14.31Externalized by the ancient Greeks as the goddess Psyché (Ψυχή).
14.32Chance was externalized by the ancient Greeks by attributing it to the goddess Tyche (Τύχη).
15.01U. Neisser, Cognitive Psychology (Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967). Neisser wrote this pioneering textbook while on sabbatical from Cornell in Martin Orne’s laboratory.
15.02F.J. Evans and J.F. Kihlstrom, “Posthypnotic Amnesia as Disrupted Retrieval,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973, 82, 2; J.F. Kihlstrom and F.J. Evans, “Generic Recall During Posthypnotic Amnesia,” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1978, 12, 1.
15.03J.F. Kihlstrom, “The Cognitive Unconscious,” Science, 1987, 237, 4821; “Perception without Awareness of What Is Perceived, Learning without Awareness of What Is Learned,” in M. Velmans (ed.), The Science of Consciousness: Psychological, Neuropsychological and Clinical Reviews (Routledge, 1996); “Unconscious Processes,” in D. Reisberg (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Psychology (Oxford University Press, 2012).
15.04D.L. Schacter, “Implicit Memory: History and Current Status,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1987, 13, 3.
15.05A.S. Reber, “Implicit Learning of Artificial Grammars,” Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 1967, 6, 6.
15.06J. Jaynes, “Imagination and the Dance of the Self,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), The Julian Jaynes Collection (Julian Jaynes Society, 2012).
15.07J.F. Kihlstrom and S.B. Klein, “The Self as a Knowledge Structure,” in R.S. Wyer and T.K. Srull (eds.), Handbook of Social Cognition, Vol. 1: Basic Processes (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994); J.F. Kihlstrom, “Searching for Self in Mind and Brain,” Social Cognition, 2012, 30, 4; “Consciousness and Me-Ness,” in J.D. Cohen and J.W. Schooler (eds.), Scientific Approaches to Consciousness (Erlbaum, 1997); “Consciousness, the Unconscious, and the Self,” Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2021, 8.
15.08I analyze the components of this definition in “The Domain of Hypnosis, Revisited,” in M. Nash and A. Barnier (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Hypnosis (Oxford University Press, 2008). See also “Hypnosis as an Altered State of Consciousness,” Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2018, 25, 11-12.
15.09Ronald Shor was a graduate student of Abraham Maslow, and his phenomenological analysis of hypnosis was widely influential. See, for example, R.E. Shor, “A Phenomenological Method for the Measurement of Variables Important to an Understanding of the Nature of Hypnosis,” in E. Fromm and R.E. Shor (eds.), Hypnosis: Developments in Research and New Perspectives (Aldine, 1979).
15.10G.H. Estabrooks, “A Standardized Hypnotic Technique Dictated to a Victrola Record,” American Journal of Psychology, 1930, 42. For his contribution to educational testing, see “A New Type of Objective Examination,” Pedagogical Seminary, 1927, 34.
15.11M.T. Orne, “The Nature of Hypnosis: Artifact and Essence,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1959, 58, 3; K.M. McConkey, et al., “Trance Logic in Hypnosis and Imagination,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1991, 100, 4. There are several demonstrations of trance logic on videos that Orne made for television in the late 1950s and early 1960s: “Psychology 1 with E.G. Boring” (National Educational Television) at https://youtu.be/blZyGk-1K1U and “The Nature of Things” (Canadian Broadcasting System) at https://youtu.be/OVhGtrjgP7M.
15.12E.R. Hilgard, “A Neodissociation Interpretation of Pain Reduction in Hypnosis,” Psychological Review, 1973, 80, 5; J.F. Kihlstrom and A.J. Barnier, “The Hidden Observer: A Straw Horse, Undeservedly Flogged,” Contemporary Hypnosis, 2005, 22, 3.
15.13Priming effects in posthypnotic amnesia were first noted in J.F. Kihlstrom, “Posthypnotic Amnesia for Recently Learned Material: Interactions with ‘Episodic’ and ‘Semantic’ Memory,” Cognitive Psychology, 1980, 12, 2. For a comprehensive review of posthypnotic amnesia, see “Posthypnotic Amnesia: Using Hypnosis to Induce Forgetting,” in D. Groome and M. Eysenck (ed.) Forgetting: Explaining Memory Failure (SAGE, 2020). For priming effects in hypnotic blindness, see R.A. Bryant and K.M. McConkey, “Hypnotic Blindness: A Behavioral and Experiential Analysis,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1989, 98.
15.14J.F. Kihlstrom, V.A. Shames, and J. Dorfman, “Intimations of Memory and Thought,” in L.M. Reder (ed.), Implicit Memory and Metacognition (Erlbaum, 1996); J. Dorfman, V.A. Shames, and J.F. Kihlstrom, “Intuition, Incubation, and Insight: Implicit Cognition in Problem Solving,” in G. Underwood (ed.), Implicit Cognition (Oxford University Press, 1996). For an analysis of priming effects supporting an intuitive “recognition by familiarity” in posthypnotic amnesia, see J.F. Kihlstrom, “Recognition in Posthypnotic Amnesia, Revisited,” International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 2021, 69, 3. For an analogous effect in tactile sensation, see D.J. Tataryn and J.F. Kihlstrom, “Hypnotic Tactile Anesthesia: Psychophysical and Signal-Detection Analyses,” International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 2017, 65, 2.
15.15T.R. Sarbin and W. C. Coe, Hypnosis: A Social Psychological Analysis of Influence Communication (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1972). The distinction between doings and happenings was originally formulated in R.S. Peters, The Concept of Motivation, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958/1960).
15.16P. W. Sheehan and M.T. Orne, “Some Comments on the Nature of Posthypnotic Behavior,” Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 1968, 146, 3; I.P. Tobis and J.F. Kihlstrom, “Allocation of Attentional Resources in Posthypnotic Suggestion,” International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 2010, 58, 4; A.J. Barnier and K.M. McConkey, “Posthypnotic Responding: The Relevance of Suggestion and Test Congruence,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2001, 49.
15.17J.F. Kihlstrom, “The Automaticity Juggernaut,” in J. Baer, J.C. Kaufman, and R.F. Baumeister (eds.), Psychology and Free Will (Oxford University Press, 2008); A. Moors, “Automaticity,” in D. Reisberg (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Psychology (Oxford University Press, 2013).
15.18On one occasion, Dumas became hypnotized while listening to his own tape. He relates the experience in L. Dumas, “A Subjective Report of Inadvertent Hypnosis,” International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 1964, 12, with commentary in M. T. Orne, “A Note on the Occurrence of Hypnosis without Conscious Intent,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1964, 12.
15.19The distinctions among structural, sapiential, and charismatic authority come from M. Siegler and H. Osmond, Models of Madness, Models of Medicine (Harper & Row, 1974).
15.20J.F. Kihlstrom, “The Two Svengalis: Making the Myth of Hypnosis,” Australian Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 1987, 15, 2.
15.21J.P. Green and S.J. Lynn, “Hypnosis and Suggestion-Based Approaches to Smoking Cessation: An Examination of the Evidence,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2000, 48, 2; I. Kirsch, G. Montgomery, and G. Sapirstein, “Hypnosis as an Adjunct to Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 1995, 63; N. Ramondo et al., “Clinical Hypnosis as an Adjunct to Cognitive Behavior Therapy: An Updated Meta-Analysis,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2021, 69, 2.
15.22R.E. Shor and R.D. Easton, “A Preliminary Report on Research Comparing Self- and Hetero-Hypnosis,” American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1973, 16; J.C. Ruch, “Self-Hypnosis: The Result of Heterohypnosis or Vice Versa?,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1975, 23, 4; L.S. Johnson et al., “Self-Hypnosis Versus Hetero-Hypnosis: Order Effects and Sex Differences in Behavioral and Experiential Impact,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1983,
31, 3; M.T. Orne and K.M. McConkey, “Toward Convergent Inquiry into Self-Hypnosis,” International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 1981, 29.
15.23J.F. Kihlstrom, “Neuro-Hypnotism: Hypnosis and Neuroscience,” Cortex, 2013, 49, 2; J.F. Kihlstrom, et al., “Hypnosis in the Right Hemisphere,” Cortex, 2013, 49, 2; R.C. Lanfranco, et al., “Beyond Imagination: Hypnotic Visual Hallucination Induces Greater Lateralised Brain Activity Than Visual Mental Imagery,” NeuroImage,2021, 239, 1.
15.24S.J. Lynn and J.W. Rhue (eds.), Theories of Hypnosis: Current Models and Perspectives (Guilford, 1991); P.W. Sheehan and C. Perry, Methodologies of Hypnosis: A Critical Appraisal of Contemporary Paradigms of Hypnosis (Erlbaum, 1976).
15.25My course, “Scientific Approaches to Consciousness,” is documented online at https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jfkihlstrom/ConsciousnessWeb/index.htm. My discussion of Jaynes is in the lectures on “Development.”
15.26K. Jaspers, The Origin and the Goal of History, trans. M. Bullock (Yale University Press, 1949/1953); K. Armstrong, The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions (Knopf, 2006); R.N. Bellah and H. Joas (eds.), The Axial Age and Its Consequences (Harvard University Press, 2012).
15.27See M. Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006); T. Gibson, “Souls, Gods, Kings, and Mountains” and “Listening for Ancient Voices” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Gods, Voices, and the Bicameral Mind (Julian Jaynes Society, 2016).
15.28M.S. Gazzaniga, J.E. Bogen, and R.W. Sperry, “Some Functional Effects of Sectioning the Cerebral Commissures in Man,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1962, 48. Testifying to the enduring popularity of the left-right distinction, an Amazon search in June 2021 revealed over 1,000 titles on the subject.
15.29N. Geschwind, “Disconnexion Syndromes in Animals and Man: Part I,” Brain, 1965, 88, 2; “Disconnexion Syndromes in Animals and Man: Part II,” Brain, 1965, 88, 3.
15.30P. MacLean, “The Triune Brain, Emotion, and Scientific Bias,” in F.O. Schmitt (ed.), The Neurosciences: Second Study Program (Rockefeller University Press, 1970). But see J. Cesario, D.J. Johnson, and H.L. Eisthen, “Your Brain Is Not an Onion with a Tiny Reptile Inside,” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2020, 29, 3.
15.31M. Minsky, The Society of Mind (Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 287; J.F. Kihlstrom, “Social Neuroscience: The Footprints of Phineas Gage,” Social Cognition, 2010, 28, 6.
15.32S. Neubauer, J.-J. Hublin, and P. Gunz, “The Evolution of Modern Human Brain Shape,” Science Advances, 2019, 4, 1.
15.33D. Premack and G. Woodruff, “Does the Chimpanzee Have a Theory of Mind?” Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 1978, 4, 4; H.M. Wellman, The Child’s Theory of Mind (Bradford Books, 1990); A. Gopnik and H.M. Wellman, “The Theory Theory,” in L.A. Hirschfeld and S.A. Gelman (eds.) Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture (Cambridge University Press, 1994); J. Call and M. Tomasello, “Does the Chimpanzee Have a Theory of Mind? 30 Years Later,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2008, 12, 5; F.B.M. deWaal, “Apes Know What Others Believe: Understanding False Beliefs Is Not Unique to Humans,” Science, 2016, 354, 6308.
15.34The term “metacognition” was coined by Lila Gleitman in L.R. Gleitman, H. Gleitman, and E. Shipley, “The Emergence of the Child as Grammarian,” Cognition, 1972, 1. See also, J.H. Flavell, “Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring: A New Area of Cognitive-Developmental Inquiry,” American Psychologist, 1979, 34, 10; T.O. Nelson, “Consciousness and Metacognition,” American Psychologist, 1996, 51, 2.
15.35Angelina Lillard, “Ethnopsychologies: Cultural Variations in Theories of Mind,” Psychological Bulletin, 1998, 123, 1; “Ethnopsychologies: Reply to Wellman (1998) and Gauvain (1998),” Psychological Bulletin, 1998, 123, 1.
15.36See Bill Rowe’s interview, “The Development of Consciousness in Children” in this volume.
15.37J. Jaynes, “In A Manner of Speaking,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1978, 1, 4; reprinted in The Julian Jaynes Collection. Here and in the Afterword (which appears in the 1990 and later editions of Jaynes’s Origin), Jaynes also refutes the popular misconception that the mirror recognition of one’s body is evidence of consciousness in non-human animals.
15.38J. Perner and W.A. Clements, “From an Implicit to an Explicit Theory of Mind,” in Y. Rossetti and A. Revensuo (eds.), Beyond Dissociation: Interaction between Dissociated Implicit and Explicit Processing (John Benjamins, 2000); J.E. Pyers and Senghas, “Language Promotes False Belief Understanding: Evidence from Learners of a New Sign Language,” Psychological Science, 2000, 20, 7.
15.39See Ted Remington’s interview, “Metaphor and the Rhetorical Structuring of Consciousness,” in this volume.
15.40C. Koch and N. Tsuchiya, “Attention and Consciousness: Two Distinct Brain Processes,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2007, 11, 1.
15.41See Jaynes, The Origin, pgs. 447-452 of the Afterword.
15.42J. Jaynes, “Four Hypotheses on the Origin of Mind,” Proceedings of the 9th International Wittgenstein Symposium, 1985, 135-142; reprinted in The Julian Jaynes Collection. See also the Afterword.
15.43For the sake of simplicity, my discussion here assumes a person that is right-handed.
15.44Cases of hemispherectomy provide further supporting evidence, showing that the brain hemispheres can operate independently. See A.M. Battro, Half a Brain is Enough: The Story of Nico (Cambridge University Press, 2001).
15.45A cognitive bias that favors recent ideas or events over those that are older or that are not being actively promoted.
15.46E. Schechter, Self-Consciousness and “Split” Brains: The Minds’ I (Oxford University Press, 2018).
15.47B. Lennox, et al., “Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Neural Activity Associated with Auditory Hallucinations,” Lancet, 1999, 353, 644.
15.48L. Zmigrod, et al., “The Neural Mechanisms of Hallucinations: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2016, 69, 113-123.
15.49R.W. Sperry, E. Zaidel, and D. Zaidel, “Self Recognition and Social Awareness in the Deconnected Minor Hemisphere,” Neuropsychologia, 1979, 17, 2; E.H.F. de Haan, et al., “Split-Brain: What We Know Now and Why This Is Important for Understanding Consciousness,” Neuropsychology Review, 2020, 30; T. Bayne and E. Schechter, “Consciousness after Split-Brain Surgery: The Recent Challenge to the Classical Picture,” Neuropsychologia, 2021, 160.
15.50P.D. Zelazo, H.H. Gao, and R. Todd, “The Development of Consciousness,” in P.D. Zelazo (ed.),The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
15.51A. Morin and B. Hamper, “Self-Reflection and the Inner Voice: Activation of the Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus During Perceptual and Conceptual Self-Referential Thinking,” The Open Neuroimaging Journal, 2012, 6, 78-89.
15.52A. Damasio, “How the Brain Creates the Mind,” Scientific American, 1999, 281, 6; A. Damasio, Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain (Pantheon, 2010).
16.01See the interview with Boban Dedović, “The Evolution of Mental Language in the Iliad and the Odyssey,” in this volume.
16.02See the interviews with James Cohn, “The Bible as a Written Record of the Dawn of Consciousness” and Brian McVeigh, “Evidence for Bicameral Mentality in the Bible,” in this volume.
16.03Michael Carr, “Sidelights on Xin ‘Heart, Mind’ in the Shijing,” Proceedings of the 31st CISHAAN, Tokyo and Kyoto, 1983, 824-825, summarized in M. Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony In Early China,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.) Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006); Todd Gibson, “Souls, Gods, Kings, and Mountains” in M. Kuijsten (ed.) Gods, Voices, and the Bicameral Mind (Julian Jaynes Society, 2016).
16.04Nicholas Humphrey, “Cave Art, Autism, and the Evolution of the Human Mind,” Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 1998, 8, 2, 165-191.
16.05Julian Jaynes, “Paleolithic Cave Paintings As Eidetic Images,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1979, 2, 605-607; reprinted in M. Kuijsten (ed.), The Julian Jaynes Collection (Julian Jaynes Society, 2012). See also, David Lewis-Williams, The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art (Thames & Hudson, 2002).
16.06Julian Jaynes, “The Dream of Agamemnon,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), The Julian Jaynes Collection (Julian Jaynes Society, 2012).
16.07See, for example, Robert Atwan, “The Interpretation of Dreams, The Origin of Consciousness, and the Birth of Tragedy,” in Gods, Voices, and the Bicameral Mind; E.R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (University of Chicago Press, 1983), Ch. 4; W.V. Harris, Dreams and Experience in Classical Antiquity (Harvard University Press, 2009).
16.08David Foulkes, Children’s Dreaming and the Development of Consciousness (Harvard University Press, 1999).
16.09See my interview, “Consciousness and Language,” in this volume.
16.10Julian Jaynes, “The Consequences of Consciousness: Emory University Discussion,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), The Julian Jaynes Collection (Julian Jaynes Society, 2012); see also the interview with Laurence Sugarman, “Authorizing Clinical Hypnosis: From Bicameral Mentality to Autonomy,” in this volume.
16.11Anna Vlasits, “Tech Metaphors Are Holding Back Brain Research,” Wired, June 22, 2017.
17.01James Cohn, The Minds of the Bible: Speculations on the Cultural Evolution of Human Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2013).
17.02Daniel Dennett, “Julian Jaynes’s Software Archeology,” Canadian Psychology, 1986, 27, 2.
17.03See the interview with Jan Sleutels, “Julian Jaynes and Contemporary Philosophy of Mind,” in this volume.
17.04Julian Jaynes, “McMaster-Bauer Symposium on Consciousness: Response to Discussants,” Canadian Psychology, 1986, 27, 2; reprinted in M. Kuijsten (ed.), The Julian Jaynes Collection (Julian Jaynes Society, 2012).
18.01Brian J. McVeigh, The Psychology of the Bible: Explaining Divine Voices and Visions (Imprint Academic, 2020).
18.02James Cohn, “A Jaynesian Philology: The Bible as a Written Record of the Dawn of Consciousness,” Julian Jaynes Society, 2013 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-7I55QWnxM).
18.03Carole Brooks Platt, “Presence, Poetry and the Collaborative Right Hemisphere,” Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2007, 14, 3; Julie Kane, “Poetry as Right-Hemispheric Language,” Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2004, 11, 5.
19.01John Leo, “The Lost Voices of the Gods,” Time, March 14, 1977.
19.02Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
19.03Todd Gibson, “Buddhism and Bicamerality” (Julian Jaynes Society, 2021).
19.04Karl Jaspers, The Origin and the Goal of History (Routledge, 1953/2011).
20.01C. Martindale and P. Tuffin, “If Homer is the Poet of the Iliad, Then He May Not Be The Poet of the Odyssey,” Literary and Linguistic Computing, 1996, 11, 3.
20.02Boban Dedović, “‘Minds’ in ‘Homer’: A Quantitative Psycholinguistic Comparison of the Iliad and Odyssey,” PsyArXiv Preprints, 2021.
20.03The asterisk indicates a reconstructed or hypothetical form of a word that is not attested in written artifacts.
20.04See Jaynes’s Google Scholar profile: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=je9ezUIAAAAJ.
20.05An expression that has its origin in the Iliad, implying that words are like arrows traveling toward their intended target. For example, in the Iliad and Odyssey, words are said to be “winged” when two characters are debating one another, or tensions are otherwise high.
20.06See Brian McVeigh’s interview, “Evidence for Bicameral Mentality in the Bible,” in this volume.
20.07James Cohn, “A Jaynesian Philology: The Bible as a Written Record of the Dawn of Consciousness,” Julian Jaynes Society, 2013 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-7I55QWnxM).
20.08Andreas Zanker, Metaphor in Homer: Time, Speech, and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 2019).
20.09Fabian Horn, “‘Building in the Deep’: Notes on a Metaphor for Mental Activity and the Metaphorical Concept of Mind in Early Greek Epic,” Greece and Rome, 2016, 2, 63.
20.10George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (University Of Chicago Press, 1980).
20.11Boban Dedović, “‘Heart’,‘Mind’, and Behavioral Causation in the Songs of Sinuhe,” 2021.
21.01Wilder Penfield, “Wilder Penfield and Phanor Perot, “The Brain’s Record of Auditory and Visual Experience: A Final Summary and Discussion,” Brain, 1963, 86, 595-702.
21.02Belinda Lennox, et al., “Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Neural Activity Associated with Auditory Hallucinations,” Lancet, 1999, 353, 644.
21.03Robert Olin, “Auditory Hallucinations and the Bicameral Mind,” Lancet, 1999, 354, 9173.
21.04Leo Sher, “Neuroimaging, Auditory Hallucinations, and the Bicameral Mind,” Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 2000, 25, 3.
21.05Henry A. Nasrallah, “The Unintegrated Right Cerebral Hemispheric Consciousness as Alien Intruder: A Possible Mechanism for Schneiderian Delusions in Schizophrenia?” Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1985, 26, 3.
21.06Michael S. Gazzaniga, “Forty-five Years of Split-brain Research and Still Going Strong,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2005, 6.
21.07Andrea Cavanna, et al., “The ‘Bicameral Mind’ 30 years on: A Critical Reappraisal of Julian Jaynes’ Hypothesis,” Functional Neurology, 2007, 22, 1.
21.08Lahcen Ait Bentaleb, et al., “Cerebral Activity Associated with Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Case Study,” Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 2002, 27, 2.
21.09Renaud Jardri, et al., “Activation of Bilateral Auditory Cortex during Verbal Hallucinations in a Child with Schizophrenia,” Molecular Psychiatry, 2007, 12, 319.
21.10I.E.C. Sommer, et al., “Can fMRI-guidance Improve the Efficacy of rTMS Treatment for Auditory Verbal Hallucinations?” Schizophrenia Research, 2007, 93, 1.
21.11I.E.C. Sommer, et al., “Auditory Verbal Hallucinations Predominantly Activate the Right Inferior Frontal Area,” Brain, 2008, 131, 12.
21.12Iris Sommer and René Kahn (eds.), Language Lateralization and Psychosis (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
21.13Veena Kumari, et al., “Functional MRI of Verbal Self-monitoring in Schizophrenia: Performance and Illness-Specific Effects,” Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2010, 36, 4.
21.14Yair Lampl, et al., “Auditory Hallucinations in Acute Stroke,” Behavioral Neurology, 2005, 16, 4.
21.15Judith M. Ford, et al., “Neurobiology of Auditory Hallucinations,” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, November 2019.
21.16Marcel Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006); Marcel Kuijsten, “Neuroscience Confirms Julian Jaynes’s Neurological Model,” https://www.julianjaynes.org/blog/featured/neuroscience-confirms-julian-jaynes-neurological-model/
21.17Leor Zmigrod, et al., “The Neural Mechanisms of Hallucinations: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2016, 69.
21.18Iris E.C. Sommer, “Language Lateralization in Schizophrenia” (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, 2004), p. 5.
21.19I.E.C Sommer and René Kahn (eds.), Language Lateralization and Psychosis (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
21.20Andreas Hug, et al., “Voices Behind the Left Shoulder: Two Patients with Right-sided Temporal Lobe Epilepsy,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2011, 305, 1-2.
21.21Siddhartha Nadkarni, et al., “Psychosis in Epilepsy Patients,” Epilepsia, 2007, 48, s9.
21.22Marcel Kuijsten, “Neuroscience Confirms Julian Jaynes’s Neurological Model,” https://www.julianjaynes.org/blog/featured/neuroscience-confirms-julian-jaynes-neurological-model/.
21.23Typically the left hemisphere in right-handed people.
21.24See Elizabeth Schechter, Self-Consciousness and “Split” Brains: The Minds’ I (Oxford University Press, 2018) for a recent discussion of the split-brain experiments and their philosophical implications.
21.25Antonio M. Battro, Half a Brain Is Enough: The Story of Nico (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
21.26Jack Gandour, et al., “Temporal Integration of Speech Prosody is Shaped by Language Experience: An fMRI Study,” Brain and Language, 2003, 84, 3; Xinhu Jin, et al., “Functional Integration Between the Two Brain Hemispheres: Evidence From the Homotopic Functional Connectivity Under Resting State,” Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2020, 14.
21.27Mousa Taghipour and Fariborz Ghaffarpasand, “Corpus Callosotomy for Drug-Resistant Schizophrenia; Novel Treatment Based on Pathophysiology,” World Neurosurgery, 2018, 116.
21.28See the interview with Iris Sommer and Sanne Brederoo, “Auditory Hallucinations and the Right Hemisphere,” in this volume.
22.01Iris E.C. Sommer, Language Lateralization in Schizophrenia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Utrecht, 2004).
22.02I.E. Sommer, et al., “Auditory Verbal Hallucinations Predominantly Activate the Right Inferior Frontal Area,” Brain, 2008, 131, 3169-77.
22.03Frank Larøi, Iris E. Sommer, Jan Dirk Blom, et al., “The Characteristic Features of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Clinical and Nonclinical Groups: State-of-the-Art Overview and Future Directions,” Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2012, 38, 4.
22.04Haiyang Geng, et al., “Abnormal Dynamic Resting-state Brain Network Organization in Auditory Verbal Hallucination,” Brain Structure and Function, 2020, 225, 2315–2330.
22.05Edwin van Dellen, et al., “Functional Brain Networks in the Schizophrenia Spectrum and Bipolar Disorder with Psychosis,” NPJ Schizophrenia, 2020, 6, 2.
22.06Currently in press. See also: J.N. de Boer, et al., “A Linguistic Comparison Between Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Patients with a Psychotic Disorder and in Nonpsychotic Individuals: Not Just What the Voices Say, But How They Say It,” Brain and Language, 2016, 162, 10-18.
22.07I.E. Sommer, N.F. Ramsey, and R.S. Kahn, “Language Lateralization in Schizophrenia, an fMRI Study,” Schizophrenia Research, 2001, 52, 1-2; Iris Sommer and René S. Kahn (eds.), Language Lateralization and Psychosis (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
22.08F. Shawyer, et al., “Command Hallucinations and Violence: Implications for Detention and Treatment,” Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law, 2003, 10.
22.09Currently in press. See also: Mascha M.J. Linszen, et al., “Phenomenology of Hallucinations in the General Population: A Large Online Survey,” in M.M.J. Linszen, Understanding Hallucinations Outside the Context of Psychotic Disorders (Doctoral dissertation, University of Groningen, 2021).
22.10Kirstin Daalman and Kelly M. Diederen, “A Final Common Pathway to Hearing Voices: Examining Differences and Similarities in Clinical and Non-Clinical Individuals,” Psychosis, 2013, 5, 3; Wei Lin Toh, et al., “Characteristics of Non-Clinical Hallucinations: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Auditory, Visual, Tactile and Olfactory Hallucinations in a Primary Voice-Hearing Cohort,” Psychiatry Research, 2020, 289; Kirstin Daalman, et al., “The Same or Different? A Phenomenological Comparison of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Healthy and Psychotic Individuals,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2011, 72, 3.
22.11Theresa M. Marschall, et al., “Spontaneous Brain Activity Underlying Auditory Hallucinations in the Hearing-Impaired,” Cortex, 2021, 136, 1-13; M.M.J. Linszen, et al., “Auditory Hallucinations in Adults with Hearing Impairment: A Large Prevalence Study,” Psychological Medicine, 2019, 49, 1.
22.12Sanne Koops, et al., “Predicting Response to rTMS for Auditory Hallucinations: Younger Patients and Females Do Better,” Schizophrenia Research, 2018, 195; Elias Wagner, et al., “Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for Schizophrenia Patients Treated with Clozapine,” The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021, 22, 1; Sanne Koops, et al., “Treating Auditory Hallucinations with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in a Double-Blind, Randomized Trial,” Schizophrenia Research, 2018, 201, 329-336.
22.13Mark van der Gaag, et al., “Initial Evaluation of the Effects of Competitive Memory Training (COMET) on Depression in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Patients with Persistent Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2012, 51, 2.
22.14Sanne G. Brederoo, et al., “Fragmented Sleep Relates To Hallucinations Across Perceptual Modalities in the General Population,” Scientific Reports, 2021, 7735.
Appx-01Oliver Sacks, Hallucinations (Alfred A. Knopf, 2012); D.H. ffytche, et al., “Visual Command Hallucinations in a Patient with Pure Alexia,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 2004, 75.
Appx-02Julian Jaynes, “The Dream of Agamemnon,” in M. Kuijsten, The Julian Jaynes Collection (Julian Jaynes Society, 2012).
Appx-03H.W.F. Saggs, The Greatness that Was Babylon (New American Library, 1962), p. 346.
Appx-04Ibid., p. 347.
Appx-05Ibid., p. 346.
Appx-06See also A. Leo Oppenheim, The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East (American Philosophical Society, 1956); William V. Harris, Dreams and Experience in Classical Antiquity (Harvard University Press, 2009).
Appx-07See Carolyn M. Carty, “The Role of Gunzo’s Dream in the Building of Cluny III,” Gesta, 1988, 27.
Appx-08Saint Gregory the Great, Dialogues, p. 90, quoted in Carty, “The Role of Gunzo’s Dream.” See also, Carolyn M. Carty, “The Role of Medieval Dream Images in Authenticating Ecclesiastical Construction,” Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 1999, 62.
Appx-09See Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (Viking, 2002).
Appx-10D.H. Feldman and M.J. Morelock, “Prodigies and Savants,” in R.J. Sternberg and S.B. Kaufman (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
Appx-11See Tor Nørretranders, The User Illusion: Cutting Consciousness Down to Size (Penguin Books, 1991).
Appx-12Julian Jaynes, “The Ghost of a Flea: Visions of William Blake,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
Appx-13Michael Pollan, How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence (Penguin Press, 2018).
Appx-14Morris Berman, Coming to Our Senses (Simon & Schuster, 1998).
Appx-15P. Suedfeld and J. Geiger, “The Sensed Presence As A Coping Resource in Extreme Environments,” in J.H. Ellens (ed.), Miracles: God, Science, and Psychology in the Paranormal: Parapsychological Perspectives (Praeger Publishers, 2008).
Appx-16John Geiger, The Third Man Factor: Surviving the Impossible (Hachette Books, 2009).
Appx-17See K. Dewhurst and A.W. Beard, “Sudden Religious Conversions in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy,” British Journal of Psychiatry, 1970, 540, 497-507.
Appx-18Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, p. 143.
Appx-19Ibid., p. 297.
Appx-20See Psalm 42, for example.
Appx-21Philip Zelazo, et al., “The Development of Consciousness,” in P. Zelazo, et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook on Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Appx-22See, for example, John Limber, “Language and Consciousness,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006); José Luis Bermúdez, “The Limits of Thinking Without Words,” in J. L. Bermúdez, Thinking Without Words (Oxford University Press, 2007); Daniel Dennett, Kinds of Minds (Basic Books, 1997); Peter Carruthers, Language, Thought and Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Appx-23See Susan Curtiss and Harry A Whitaker, Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern-Day Wild Child (Academic Press, 2014).