The Julian Jaynes Collection: Notes & Citations

The entire list of notes and citations for The Julian Jaynes Collection.

NumberText
Intro-01See Milton Rokeach, The Open and Closed Mind (New York: Basic Books, 1960).
Intro-02See books.google.com. A partial list of scholars who have written on Jaynes’s theory is available on
the Julian Jaynes Society website at julianjaynes.org.
Intro-03Francis Galton, Memories of My Life (London: Methuen & Co., 1908).
Intro-04Thomas B. Posey and Mary E. Losch, “Auditory Hallucinations of Hearing Voices in 375 Normal Subjects,” Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 1983, 3, 99-113.
Intro-05John Hamilton, “Auditory Hallucinations in Nonverbal Quadriplegics,” Psychiatry, 1985, 48, 4. Reprinted in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
Intro-06See Marius Romme and Sandra Escher, Accepting Voices (1993), Making Sense of Voices (2000), Living with Voices (2009), and Children Hearing Voices (2010).
Intro-07Henry Nasrallah, “The Unintegrated Right Cerebral Hemispheric Consciousness As Alien Intruder,” Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1985, 26, 3, 273–282; Timothy Crow, “Is Schizophrenia the Price that Homo Sapiens Pays for Language?” Schizophrenia Research, 1997, 28, 127–141; Kelly Diederen and Iris E.C. Sommer, “Auditory Verbal Hallucinations and Language Lateralization,” in I.E.C. Sommer and R.S. Kahn (eds.) Language Lateralization and Psychosis (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Intro-08Pullman also refers to Jaynes’s theory in a column he wrote for Penguin Books, “Philip Pullman Celebrates the Penguin Epics,” calling it a “crazy and yet tantalizingly rich idea.”
Intro-09Melvin Levine, A Mind at a Time (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002).
Intro-10Marcel Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
Intro-11Philip D. Zelazo, Helena Hong Gao, and Rebecca Todd, “The Development of Consciousness,” in P. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch, and E. Thompson (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Intro-12David Foulkes, Children’s Dreaming and the Development of Consciousness (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002).
Intro-13John Brockman (ed.), What We Believe But Cannot Prove (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006).
Intro-14Helen Keller, The World I Live In (New York: The Century Company, 1908).
Intro-15Catherine Lucy Wilhelmina Powlett Cleveland (Duchess of), The True Story of Kaspar Hauser (London: Macmillan and Co., 1893).
Intro-16Susan Curtiss, Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern-Day “Wild Child” (Boston: Academic Press, 1977).
Intro-17Peter Gordon, “Numerical Cognition Without Words,” Science, 2004, 306, 496–499.
Intro-18Chris Sinha, et al., “When Time is Not Space: The Social and Linguistic Construction of Time Intervals in An Amazonian Culture,” Language and Cognition, 2011, 3, 1. See also note 3 on page 291.
Intro-19John Limber, “Language and Consciousness,” in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
Intro-20Henry Schlinger, “Consciousness Is Nothing But A Word,” Skeptic, 2008, 13, 4.
Intro-21Joseph Church, Language and the Discovery of Reality (New York: Random House, 1961).
Intro-22Steven Pinker, The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature (New York: Viking Press, 2007).
Intro-23Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China,” in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
Intro-24Nicholas Humphrey, “Cave Art, Autism, and the Evolution of the Human Mind,” Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 1998, 8, 2.
Intro-25E.R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951/2004).
Intro-26See Chapter 20 of this volume as well as William Vernon Harris, Dreams and Experience in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009).
Intro-27Marcel Kuijsten, “Consciousness, Hallucinations and the Bicameral Mind: Three Decades of New Research,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
Intro-28Dorothy G. Singer and Jerome L. Singer, The House of Make-Believe: Children’s Play and the Developing Imagination (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992). In the book, the Singers also comment “… we do not believe [Jaynes’s] thesis should be ignored or dismissed out of hand. We once invited Jaynes to a dinner party along with Yale scholars of ancient Sumerian, Hebrew, Egyptian, and Greek, and they were quite impressed with his technical knowledge of the texts they study.”
Intro-29David Pearson, Andrea Burrow, Christina FitzGerald, Kate Green, et al., “Auditory Hallucinations in Normal Child Populations,” Personality and Individual Differences, 2001, 31, 3.
Intro-30See for example, Kanwar Ajit S. Sidhu and T.O. Dickey III, “Hallucinations in Children: Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies,” Current Psychiatry, 2010, 9, 10.
Intro-31David Pearson, H. Rouse, S. Doswell, C. Ainsworth, O. Dawson, K. Simms, et al., “Prevalence of Imaginary Companions in a Normal Child Population,” Child, 2001, 27, 1.
Intro-32For a recent example, see Nicky Reynolds and Peter Scragg, “Compliance with Command Hallucinations,” The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 2010, 21, 1.
Intro-33Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China,” in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
Intro-34Chester Starr, Awakening of the Greek Historical Spirit (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968).
Intro-35Roger Sperry, Problems Outstanding in the Evolution of Brain Function (James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain) (New York: The American Museum of Natural History, 1964).
Intro-36Roger Sperry, “Lateral Specialization in the Surgically Separated Hemispheres,” in F.O. Schmitt and F.G. Worden (eds.), The Neurosciences: Third Study Program (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1973).
Intro-37Roger Sperry, “Consciousness, Personal Identity, and the Divided Brain,” in D. Frank Benson and Eran Zaidel (eds.), The Dual Brain (New York: The Guilford Press, 1985).
Intro-38Joseph E. Bogen, “The Other Side of the Brain: An Appositional Mind,” in Robert Ornstein (ed.), The Nature of Human Consciousness: A Book of Readings (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1973).
Intro-39Michael Gazzaniga, “One Brain — Two Minds?,” American Scientist, 1972, 60.
Intro-40Michael Gazzaniga, “The Split Brain Revisited,” Scientific American, 2002; see also Michael Gazzaniga, “The Split Brain in Man,” Scientific American, 1967, 217.
Intro-41Roland Puccetti, “Two Brains, Two Minds? Wigan’s Theory of Mental Duality,” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1989, 40, 2.
Intro-42Joseph E. Bogen, “Mental Duality in the Anatomically Intact Cerebrum,” Presidential Address to the Los Angeles Society of Neurology and Psychiatry, January 19, 1983.
Intro-43A.L. Wigan, The Duality of Mind (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1844).
Intro-44Antonio Battro, Half a Brain is Enough: The Story of Nico (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Intro-45Christopher A. Shaw and Jill C. McEachern (eds.), Toward A Theory of Neuroplasticity (Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis, 2001).
Intro-46Belinda R. Lennox, S. Bert, G. Park, Peter B. Jones, and Peter G. Morris, “Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Neural Activity Associated with Auditory Hallucinations,” Lancet, 1999, 22, 615–621.
Intro-47See Marcel Kuijsten, “Consciousness, Hallucinations, and the Bicameral Mind,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
Intro-48See comments by doctors Ghazi Asaad and Bruce Shapiro in H. Steven Moffic, “What About the Bicameral Mind?” American Journal of Psychiatry, 1987, 144, 696.
Intro-49Rita Carter, et al., The Human Brain: An Illustrated Guide to Its Structure, Function, and Disorders (London: Dorling Kindersley, 2009).
Intro-50For a thorough understanding of Jaynes’s theory, readers of this volume are encouraged to also read Julian Jaynes’s original work, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, as well as Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness: Julian Jaynes’s Bicameral Mind Theory Revisited. To learn about upcoming events and to join the online discussion, please visit the Julian Jaynes Society website at julianjaynes.org.
4.01Rudolf Carnap, “Psychology in Physical Language,” reprinted in Alfred J. Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1959).
4.02Richard J. Herrnstein and Edwin G. Boring (eds.), A Source Book in the History of Psychology (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965).
4.03Leo Postman (ed.), Psychology in the Making (New York: Knopf, 1963).
4.04George A. Miller, Mathematics and Psychology (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964).
4.05Jean M. Mandler and George Mandler, Thinking: From Association to Gestalt (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964).
4.06William Kessen, The Child (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1965).
5.01Boring’s own autobiographical writing is remarkable in its candor and fullness, and gives these facts more amply. See particularly his Psychologist At Large (New York: Basic Books, 1961) which is an expansion of his chapter in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. IV (Worcester: Clark University Press, 1952).
5.02“Note on the Negative Reaction under Light-Adaptation in the Planarian,” Journal of Animal Behavior, 1912, 2, 229–248.
5.03Edwin G. Boring and Lucy M. Day. “The Use of the Maze in Comparative Psychology,” Psychological Bulletin, 1912, 9, 60–61.
5.04“Cutaneous Sensation after Nerve-Division,” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Science, 1916, 10, 1–95.
5.05“Introspection in Dementia Precox,” American Journal of Psychology, 1913, 24, 145–170. “Learning in Dementia Precox,” Psychological Monographs, 1913, 15, 2, iv + 101 pp.
5.06“Capacity to Report Upon Moving Pictures as Conditioned by Sex and Age: A Contribution to the Psychology of Testimony,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1916, 6, 820–834.
5.07“The Sensations of the Alimentary Canal,” American Journal of Psychology, 1915, 26, 1–57. “The Thermal Sensitivity of the Stomach,” American Journal of Psychology, 1915, 26, 485–494.
5.08For Boring’s assessment of Titchener’s stature in psychology, see his A History of Experimental Psychology (New York: Century, 1929), but also his more personal obituary of Titchener, “Edward Bradford Titchener,” American Journal of Psychology, 1927, 38, 489–506.
5.09“The Physiology of Consciousness,” Science, 1932, 75, 32–39.
5.10A bibliography of his most important papers up to 1960 is published in the back of his Psychologist at Large (New York: Basic Books, 1961). Another volume of Boring’s selected papers has been collected by Robert I. Watson and Donald T. Campbell under the title History, Psychology, and Science: Selected Papers (New York: Wiley, 1963).
5.11(With D.W. Taylor) “Apparent Visual Size as a Function of Distance for Monocular Observers,” American Journal of Psychology, 1942, 55, 102–105.
5.12(With D.W. Taylor) “Apparent Visual Size as a Function of Binocular Regard,” American Journal of Psychology, 1942, 55, 189–201. “The Moon Illusion,” American Journal of Physics, 1943, 11, 55–60.
5.13“A Psychological Function is the Relation of Successive Differentiations of Events in the Organism,” Psychological Review, 1937, 44, 445–461.
5.14Characteristically, he wrote this up in an article entitled, “Was this Analysis a Success?” answering his question in the negative. Also characteristically, he insisted that Sachs be given a chance for public rebuttal which he did, calling Boring’s personality “a dignified and respectable house which has given comfort and shelter for a long time, even if it causes to its inhabitants a good deal of inconvenience.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1940, 4, 16.
7.01Tommaso Campanella, De Sensu Rerum, Book 1, Chapter 9.
7.02One student wrote home in 1549 that Padua was “an infinite resorte of all nations where all kynds of virtue maie there be learned.” Clare Howard, English Travelers of the Renaissance (New York: John Lane, 1913, p. 53).
7.03Cf. Biographie Universelle.
7.04The Peri Zoon Kineseos and the Peri Zoon Poreias of the Aristotelian works. I refrain from ascribing them to Aristotle since they are obviously multi-authored and are collections of scraps from various sources from the fourth to second centuries B.C.
7.05Peri Zoon Poreias, 705A.
7.06A relevant passage remarkably prescient of nineteenth-century biology is the following (my translation): “In truth, nature fulfills her aim by so bestowing behavioral movements and functions among animals that they preserve themselves through them; this consists in a preservation of the ablest in obtaining food, in continuing the species, and in avoiding injury” (De Motu Locali Animalium secundum totum, Padua, 1618, p. 8).
7.07William Harvey, De Motu Locali Animalium (1627), ed. and trans. by G. Whitteridge (Cambridge University Press, 1959).
7.08Perhaps indicating something about the flamboyance of acting style of the time, since these are obviously references to two characters from Marlowe’s plays.
7.09An analogy made also in the Aristotelian Peri Zoon Kineseos, 730A30.
7.10Harvey, p. 122.
7.11Ibid., p. 123.
7.12I am here advancing a theory about Descartes. I have not been able to find more pertinent evidence than I have here cited, and I realize I am being more inferential than scholarly. Descartes nowhere (that I know of) refers to the Francini statues by name or actual place, or as to when in his life they so probably impressed him.
7.13For further descriptions of these grottoes, see Paul Gruyer, Saint-Germain (Paris, 1922) and Georges Houdard, Les Chateaux Royaux de Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Saint-Germain, 1911–12). John Evelyn, the diarist, visited them in 1644 and described them as already beginning to decay.
7.14Descartes, L’homme, ed. by Cousin (Paris, 1824), IV, p. 348.
7.15Ibid.
7.16Article 38 of Passions de l’âme. The only passage where any reflex-like word appears in Descartes is in this sense in Article 36, where he speaks of “les esprits réfléchis de l’image ainsi formée sur la glande…”
7.17The two important works on this history of the reflex are Franklin Fearing, Reflex Action (The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1930) and Georges Canguilhem, La Formation du Concept de Réflexe aux XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècles (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1955).
7.18The pineal gland was so named by Galen because in the ox brain he was studying, it was shaped like a pine cone (Latin: pinare = pine cone). Vesalius in 1540, caught up in the Renaissance love of metaphor, called the pineal gland the cerebral penis, a notion that may have at least stressed its importance to Descartes and given him the absurd supposition of its motility. See Vesalius’ First Public Anatomy at Bologna 1540, An Eyewitness Report by Baldasar Heseler, ed. by R. Eriksson (Uppsala & Stockholm, 1959). Its true function is still obscure, but it is believed to be an evolutionary vestige of an ancestral light-sensitive organ still present in some lizards. It probably is involved in regulating biological functions related to the amount of light. Its very high concentration of serotonin suggests that some important new discoveries may soon be made here, particularly in regard to insanity.
7.19Descartes, L’homme, p. 347.
7.20Nicolaus Steno, Lecture on the Anatomy of the Brain (1669), ed. by Gustav Scherz (Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag, 1965). The great Bishop of Titopolis did not tackle the problem of animal motion himself, but he came to understand the nature of muscle better than anyone else of his century. He knew that if a muscle is cut up lengthwise by scissors in three or four bits, each bit may be made to contract, proving that the power of contraction lies in the muscular substance rather than in the whole muscle as a machine.
7.21Philosophical Trans. of the Royal Society (1665–1667), p. 387.
7.22Ibid., pp. 353–358.
7.23Mayow, De Sal Nitro (London, 1668), cited by Michael Foster, Lectures on the History of Physiology (Cambridge University Press, 1924), p. 184.
7.24Wilhelm Reich, The Discovery of the Orgone: The Function of the Orgasm, trans. by T. P. Wolfe (New York: Noonday Press, 1961).
7.25Jan Swammerdam, The Book of Nature; or the History of Insects: Reduced to distinct classes, confirmed by particular instances, displayed in the anatomical analyses of many species. With life of the author, by Herman Boerhaave. Trans. from the Dutch and Latin original editions by T. Flloyd. Revised and improved by notes from Réamur and others, by John Hill (London, 1758).
7.26As cited by Fearing, p. 37.
7.27Thomas Willis, The Remaining Medical Works of that Famous and Renowned Physician, Dr. Thomas Willis, trans. by S. Pordage. V. of Muscular Motion. VI. Of the Anatomy of the Brain. VII. Of the Description and Use of the Nerves (London, 1681).
7.28Hall, “On the Reflex Function of the Medulla Oblongata and Medulla Spinalis,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1883, 123, 635–665.
7.29Borelli, De Motu Animalium (Rome, 1680–1681).
7.30As cited by Fearing, p. 35. Claude and P. Perrault, Oeuvres Diverses de Physique et de Méchanique (Paris, 1761). The quotation is from his Essai de Physique (1680).
9.01Julian Jaynes, “Learning A Second Response To A Cue As A Function of The Magnitude of the First,” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1950, 43, 398–408.
9.02George Humphrey, The Wild Boy of Aveyron (New York: Century, 1932).
9.03Meredith Kimball and Philip S. Dale, “The Relationship between Color Naming and Color Recognition Abilities in Preschoolers,” Child Development, 1972, 43, 972–980.
9.04L. Carmichael, H.P. Hogan and A.A. Walter, “An Experimental Study of the Effect of Language on the Representation of Visually Perceived Form,” Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1932, 15, 73–86.
9.05Margaret Kuenne, “Experimental Investigation of the Relation of Language to Transposition Behavior in Young Children,” Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1945, 36, 471–490.
9.06Jerome S. Bruner, R.R. Olver, P.M. Greenfield, et al., Studies in Cognitive Growth (New York: Wiley, 1966).
9.07Dan I. Slobin, “Soviet Psycholinguistics,” In N. O’Connor (ed.), Present Day Russian Psychology (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966).
9.08Charles C. Spiker, “Verbal Factors in the Discrimination Learning of Children,” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1963, 2, 53–68.
9.09Joseph E. Bogen, “Wernicke’s Area: Where Is It?” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1976, 280, 834–843.
9.10Grahame Clark and Stuart Piggott, Prehistoric Societies (London: Hutchinson, 1965).
9.11This debate continues, with recent research using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA now suggesting Neanderthals were in fact a separate species. — Ed.
9.12Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).
9.13Gordon W. Hewes, “The Current Status of the Gestural Theory of Language Origin,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1976, 280, 482–504 and H. Steklis and S. Harnad, “From Hand to Mouth: Some Critical Stages in the Evolution of Language,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1976, 280, 445-455.
9.14Julian Jaynes, “Imprinting: The Interaction of Learned and Innate Behavior: I. Development and Generalization,” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1956, 49, 201–206.
9.15Peter Marler, “Communication in Monkeys and Apes,” in Irven DeVore (ed.), Primate Behavior (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965).
9.16Bryan W. Robinson, “Vocalization Evoked from the Forebrain in Macaca Mulatta,” Physiology and Behavior, 1967, 2, 345–54.
9.17Detlev Ploog, “The Behavior of Squirrel Monkeys as Revealed by Sociometry, Biocoustics, and Brain Stimulation,” in S.A. Altmann (ed.), Social Communication Among Primates (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).
9.18Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).
9.19Glynn L. Isaac, “Traces of Pleistocene Hunters: An East African Example,” in Richard B. Lee and Irven Devore (eds.), Man the Hunter (Chicago: Aldine, 1968).
9.20Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976).
9.21Sherwood L. Washburn and Chet S. Lancaster, “The Evolution of Hunting,” in Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVore (eds.), Man the Hunter (Chicago: Aldine, 1968).
9.22Charles Hockett and Robert Ascher, “The Human Revolution,” in Current Anthropology, 1964, 5.
9.23M.D.S. Braine, “The Ontogeny of English Phrase Structure: The First Phase,” Language, 1963, 39, 1–13 and David McNeill, The Acquisition of Language (New York: Harper and Row, 1970).
10.01See Zenon Pylyshyn, “Computer Models and Empirical Constraints,”Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1978, 1, 1.
11.01Jan Leask, Ralph N. Haber, and Ruth B. Haber, “Eidetic Imagery in Children: II. Longitudinal and Experimental Results,” Psychonomic Monograph Supplements, 1969, 3.
11.02Leonard W. Doob, Resolving Confict in Africa: The Fermeda Workshop (New Haven, CT: Yale, 1970).
11.03Cf. Ulric Neisser, “Images, Models, and Human Nature,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1979, 2, 4.
11.04A.R. Luria, The Mind of Mnemonist (New York: Basic Books, 1968).
14.01Gordon G. Gallup, Jr., “Chimpanzees: Self Recognition,” Science, 1970, 167, 86–87.
14.02A name that has been used to refer to a prudish woman since the nineteenth century. —Ed.
14.03Kenneth Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978/1989).
14.04For more on this subject see John F. Benton, “Consciousness of Self and Perceptions of Individuality,” in Robert L. Benson, Giles Constable, and Carol D. Lanham (eds.), Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982), from which Jaynes draws these examples. —Ed.
14.05Here Jaynes is referring to his overall theory and specifically the role of hallucinations in inspiration. For more on the subject see Jaynes’s “The Ghost of A Flea: Visions of William Blake” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006) —Ed.
14.06John O. Lyons, The Invention of the Self: The Hinge of Consciousness in the Eighteenth Century (Southern Illinois University Press, 1978).
14.07Jaynes’s speculation here on the possible neurological substrates of the self is that our sense of self may be related to an interplay between the analog ‘I’, located in the left or language-dominant hemisphere (see also Michael Gazzaniga’s discussion of the “left-hemisphere interpreter” in Nature’s Mind [Perseus Books Group, 1992] and elsewhere), and what he refers to as the field of consciousness in the right hemisphere. Jaynes draws the example of typical deficits one might see in right hemispherectomy patients from a summary of the relevant literature in Marilee Zdenek, The Right Brain Experience: An
Intimate Program to Free the Powers of Your Imagination (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983). There is now a large body of literature on cognitive and behavior changes after hemispherectomy or hemisphere damage, but for one study of particular significance see Orrin Devinsky, “Right Cerebral Hemisphere Dominance for a Sense of Corporeal and Emotional Self,” Epilepsy and Behavior, 2000, 1, 1. The type of deficits Jaynes describes are more typical of adult patients; when a hemisphere is removed in very young children, the remaining hemisphere is better able to adapt. For an interesting case of right hemispherectomy in a three-year-old child, see Antonio M. Battro, Half a Brain is Enough: The Story of Nico (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). As I mentioned in the Introduction, the ability of some people to function relatively normally with only one hemisphere provides further evidence that prior to the breakdown of the bicameral mind the two hemispheres could have operated more independently than they do today. For further discussion of the nature of the self with regard to Jaynes’s theory see Brian J. McVeigh, “The Self As Interiorized Social Relations: Applying a Jaynesian Approach to Problems of Agency and Volition” in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006) —Ed.
15.01See Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, Book 1, Chapter 2 (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1976).
15.02See Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, Book 1, Chapter 1 (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1976).
15.03G. Adrian Horridge, “Comparative Physiology: Integrative Action of the Nervous System,” Annual Review of Physiology, 1963, 25.
15.04See Francisco Varela and Humberto Maturana, “Size Constancy and Accommodation,” Perception, 1981, 10, from whom I have taken this example, for a much fuller discussion; also E.H. Land, “The Retinex,” American Scientist, 1964, 52.
16.01Paul MacLean, A Triune Concept of the Brain and Behavior (University of Toronto Press, 1973).
16.02Harry F. Harlow, Margaret Harlow, and Stephen J. Suomi, “From Thought to Therapy: Lessons from A Primate Laboratory,” American Scientist, 1971, 59.
16.03Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1976).
16.04For evidence for this see Chester G. Starr, The Awakening of the Greek Historical Spirit (Alfred A. Knopf, 1968).
16.05For the best discussion, see Silvan Tomkins, Affects, Imagery, and Consciousness: Vols. 1 & 2 (New York: Springer, 1963).
16.06See Lawrence Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization,” in Thomas Likona (ed.), Moral Development and Behavior (London: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976).
16.07On this point, see E.R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951).
17.01John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book II, Chapter 1.2. (London: Routledge, 1690/1910).
17.02Karl Marbe, Experimentell-Psychologische Untersuchungen uber das Urteil, eine Einleitung in die Logik (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1901).
17.03Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China,” in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
17.04Daniel Dennett, “Julian Jaynes’s Software Archeology,” Canadian Psychology, 1986, 27, 2.
18.01Alan Dimick as quoted in Driver, 1984.
18.02Kenneth S. Bowers, “Pain, Anxiety, and Perceived Control,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1968, 32.
18.03For a critical review of Fordyce and other operant techniques in the treatment of pain (as well as a masterly review of the entire subject), see Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Books, 1983), pages 333–337.
18.04Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976).
18.05Nelson also lost an eye but never reported on whether he sensed a phantom eye. I once knew a gaunt elderly blind man who roamed around Wiltshire with the help of a young boy. Both eyes had been enucleated. One morning he leaned over to me, stretching open one of his empty sockets with his fingers, and said, “You see — they’re growing again! Just about the size of pearls! I saw them in the mirror this morning.” I suggest this is an instance of phantom anatomy and its substantiation by “sensation.”
18.06I met with these patients in my capacity as a consultant with the Richmond Center of Charlottetown, Canada, directed by William Lawlor. I am grateful to Dr. Wayne Matheson for discussion on this problem, as well as to Dr. Frank Wheelock of Boston.
18.07I should point out that there is an alternative, more sensory explanation to the case of B.W. without his prosthesis. This is that the tactile stimulation around the stump with his prosthesis on could possibly have eliminated the phantom pain. While there is no evidence that such mild tactile stimulation can function this way, there is evidence that vigorous vibration (W.R. Russell and J.M.K. Spalding, “Treatment of Painful Amputation Stumps,” British Medical Journal, 1950, 2), or pounding the stump many times was done a few decades ago (on the theory that “the nerves would wear out”), or electrical shock to the stump (Patrick D. Wall and William H. Sweet, “Temporary Abolition of Pain in Man,” Science, 1967, 155) bring relief from phantom limb pain in some cases. Perhaps such violence provides an insistent reminder to some deep level of consciousness that the limb stops there. In any case, this phenomenon of relief of phantom limb pain by a functional prosthesis has not, to my knowledge, been reported before and should be researched.
18.08Julian Jaynes, “A Two-Tiered Theory of Emotions,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1982, 5. Reprinted as Chapter 16 of this volume.
18.09Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Book, 1983), p. 247.
18.10Marianne L. Simmel, “Phantom Experiences Following Amputation in Childhood,” Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1962, 25.
18.11Wilbert E. Fordyce, Roy S. Fowler, and Barbara Delateur, “An Application of Behavior Modification Technique to A Problem of Chronic Pain,” Behvaior Research and Therapy, 1968, 6.
19.01Ralph B. Perry, Present Philosophical Tendencies (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1912).
19.02Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925).
19.03E.g., Eugene Wigner, “The Place of Consciousness in Modern Physics,” in Charles Muses & Arthur M. Young (eds.), Consciousness and Reality (New York: Outerbridge & Lazard, 1972).
19.04Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (New York: New American Library of the World, 1859/1958).
19.05Thomas Henry Huxley, Collected Essays (New York: Appleton, 1896).
19.06C. Lloyd Morgan, Emergent Evolution (London: Williams and Co., 1923).
19.07John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book II, Chapter 1.2 (London: Routledge, 1690/1910).
19.08Donald Hebb, “The Mind’s Eye,” Psychology Today, 1961, 2, 54–68.
19.09Gregory Razran, Mind in Evolution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971).
19.10Joel Greenspoon, “The Reinforcing Effect of Two Spoken Sounds on the Frequency of Two Responses,” American Journal of Psychology, 1955, 68, 409–416.
19.11Ralph F. Hefferline, Brian Keenan and Richard A. Harford, “Escape and Avoidance Conditioning in Human Subjects without Their Observations of the Response,” Science, 1959, 130, 1338–1339.
19.12Lloyd Swenson, The Etherial Aether: A History of the Michelson–Morley–MillerAether-Drift Experiments, 1890–1930 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972).
19.13Karl Marbe, Experimental-psychogische Untersuchungen über das Urteil, eine Einleitung in die Logik (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1901).
19.14See discussions by E.G. Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology (New York: Appleton Century, 1929); George Humphrey, Thinking (London: Methuen, 1951); or David J. Murray, A History of Western Psychology (Engelwood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1983).
19.15Ivor A. Richards, The Philosophy of Rhetoric (New York: Oxford University Press, 1936).
19.16Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (London: Macmillan 1781/1929).
19.17Julian Jaynes, “The Evolution of Language in the Late Pleistocene,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1976, 28, 312–325. Reprinted as Chapter 9 of this volume.
19.18Mary Maxwell, Human Evolution: A Philosophical Anthropology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
19.19See Julian Jaynes, “The Ghost of A Flea: Visions of William Blake,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
19.20See Julian Jaynes, “Verbal Hallucinations and Preconscious Mentality,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
19.21Thomas B. Posey and Mary E. Losch, “Auditory Hallucinations of Hearing Voices in 375 Normal Subjects,” Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 1983, 3, 99-113.
19.22Jerome L. Singer and Dorothy G. Singer, Television, Imagination and Aggression (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1984).
19.23Robert H. Pfeiffer, State Letters of Assyria (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1935).
19.24Michael Carr, “Sidelights on Xin ‘Heart, Mind’ in the Shijing,” Proceedings of the 31st CISHAAN, Tokyo and Kyoto, 1983, 8, 24–25. See also Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China,” in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.) Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
19.25Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976/2000).
19.26Marc L. Jouandet, Laurence J. Garey, and Hans-Peter Lipp, “Distribution of the Cells of Origin of the Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure in the Marmoset Monkey,” Anatomy and Embryology, 1984, 169, 45–59.
19.27See Anne Harrington, “Nineteenth Century Ideas on Hemisphere Differences and ‘Duality of Mind,’” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1985, 8, 517–659.
19.28See Sid J. Segalowitz, Two Sides of the Brain (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1983).
19.29See M.P. Bryden, Laterality: Functional Asymmetry In The Intact Brain (New York: Appleton Century, 1982) and Sid J. Segalowitz, Two Sides of the Brain (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1983).
20.01Donald B. Redford, A Study of the Biblical Story of Joseph (Genesis 37–50) (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J Brill, 1970).
20.02The Pennsylvania tablet was purchased from a dealer in 1914, who shortly thereafter sold a tablet to Yale University. Professors Morris Jastrow and Albert Clay write, “As to the provenance of our two tablets, there are no definite data” but go on to speculate that “it is likely that they were found by natives in the mounds at Warka, from which about the year 1913, many tablets came into the hands of dealers.” Even accurately dating of the tablets from Ashurbanipal’s library is problematic. Jastrow and Clay note: “According to Bezold’s investigation … the bulk of the tablets in Ashurbanapal’s library are copies of originals dating from about 1500 b.c. It does not follow, however, that all the copies date from originals of the same time period. Bezold reaches the conclusion on the basis of various forms for verbal suffixes, that the fragments from the Ashurbanapal library date from three distinct periods ranging from before c. 1450 to c. 700 b.c.” For further discussion see Morris Jastrow and Albert T. Clay, An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic: On the Basis of Recently Discovered Texts (Yale University Press, 1920). —Ed.
21.01See Fred H. Johnson, The Anatomy of Hallucinations (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1978).
21.02Thomas B. Posey and Mary E. Losch, “Auditory Hallucinations of Hearing Voices in 375 Normal Subjects,” Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 1983, 3, 99-113.
21.03Daniel P. Schreber, Memoirs of My Nervous Illness (London: W. Dawson & Sons, 1955).
21.04See Julian Jaynes, “The Ghost of A Flea: Visions of William Blake,” Art/World, 1981, 5, 3–6. Reprinted in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
21.05Nathan A. Harvey, Imaginary Playmates and Other Mental Phenomenon of Children (Ipsilanti: Michigan State Normal College, 1918); Maya Pines, “Invisible Playmates,” Psychology Today, 1978, 12, 38– 42; Jerome L. Singer and Dorothy G. Singer, Television, Imagination and Aggression (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1984).
21.06John Hamilton, “Auditory Hallucinations in Nonverbal Quadriplegics,” Psychiatry, 1985, 48, 4: 382–92. Reprinted in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
21.07M.V. Moore, “Binary Communication for the Severely Handicapped,” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1972, 53, 532–533.
21.08Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976/2000).
21.09Julian Jaynes, “The Evolution of Language in the Late Pleistocene,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1976, 28, 312–325. Reprinted as Chapter 9 of this volume.
22.01See Chapter 11 of this volume.
22.02For more on the Thera explosion and resulting tsunami, see “Sinking Atlantis,” Secrets of the Dead Series (PBS Home Video, 2008), pbs.org/video/secrets-of-the-dead-sinking-atlantis.
23.01“If a light signal immediately followed by a puff of air through a rubber tube is directed at a person’s eye about 10 times, the eyelid, which previously blinked only to the puff of air, will begin to blink to the light signal alone, and this becomes more and more frequent as trials proceed. Subjects who have undergone this well-known procedure of signal learning report that it has no conscious component whatever.” (Origin, page 32)
24.01For more on the Thera explosion and resulting tsunami, see “Sinking Atlantis,” Secrets of the Dead Series (PBS Home Video, 2008), pbs.org/video/secrets-of-the-dead-sinking-atlantis. The devastating tsunamis in Indonesia in 2004 and Japan in 2011 provide a modern context for the destructive force of the even larger Mediterranean tsunami. — Ed.
26.01John Leo, “The Lost Voices of the Gods,” Time, March 14, 1977, 51–53.
26.02M.S. Buchsbaum, D.H. Ingvar, R. Kessler, R.N. Waters, et al. , “Cerebral Glucography with Positron Tomography: Use In Normal Subjects and In Patients with Schizophrenia,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 1982, 39, 3, 251–9. For a review of more recent studies confirming Jaynes’s neurological model, see Marcel Kuijsten, “Consciousness, Hallucinations, and the Bicameral Mind: Three Decades of New Research,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006). — Ed.
28.01John Gliedman, “Julian Jaynes and the Ancient Mindgods,” Science Digest, 1982, 90, 84–87.
28.02John Leo, “The Lost Voices of the Gods,” Time, March 14, 1977, 51–53.
28.03John Gliedman, “Julian Jaynes and the Ancient Mindgods,” Science Digest, 1982, 90, 84–87.
28.04Jacques Barzun, “Doing Without Knowing,” Times Literary Supplement, May 18, 1978, 558–560.
28.05Sam Keen, “The Lost Voices of the Gods,” Psychology Today, 1977, 11, 58–60. Reprinted as Chapter 22 of this volume.
28.06See Franklin L. Baumer, “Intellectual History and Its Problems,” The Journal of Modern History, 1949, 22, 3.
28.07M.S. Buchsbaum, D.H. Ingvar, R. Kessler, R.N. Waters, et al. , “Cerebral Glucography with Positron Tomography: Use In Normal Subjects and In Patients with Schizophrenia,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 1982, 39, 3, 251–9. For a review of more recent studies confirming Jaynes’s neurological model, see Marcel Kuijsten, “Consciousness, Hallucinations, and the Bicameral Mind: Three Decades of New Research,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
31.01See Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China,” in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.) Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson: NV, Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
31.02More recently, research has confirmed that the human brain is still evolving, that genetic changes can move through a population more rapidly than previously believed, and that the rate of human evolution has been greater over the past several thousand years than it was over the past several million years. These findings suggest there could have been a slight genetic component to the primarily cultural transition from bicamerality to consciousness. See Patrick Evans, et al. “Microcephalin, A Gene Regulating Brain Size, Continues to Evolve Adaptively in Humans,” Science, 2005, 309, 5741, 1717–20 and David Biello, “Culture Speeds Up Human Evolution,” Scientific American, Dec. 10, 2007. — Ed.
31.03Over the past decade, new information on uncontacted tribes has emerged. In 2004, the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and resulting tsunami brought renewed attention to two pre-modern tribes, the Sentinelese and the Jarawa, living on the Andaman and Nicobar islands in the Indian Ocean. While the Jarawa have seen increased contact over the past decade, the Sentinelese have continued to resist all contact with the outside world. Uncontacted tribes have also been discovered in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil and in the mountains of Papua, New Guinea. In cases of tribes where contact has been established and is welcomed, it is unfortunate that they have not been studied by anthropologists familiar with Jaynes’s theory. However, the research that has been done nonetheless supports Jaynes’s theory in a variety of ways. For example, the Jarawa and a neighboring group, the Onge, are described as having beliefs that the dead live around them as spirits. This suggests auditory hallucinations and indicates vestiges of bicamerality. As mentioned in the Introduction, other studies suggest that some tribes lack the modern concept of time, which Jaynes argues is one of the features of consciousness. See Adam Goodheart, “The Last Island of the Savages,” The American Scholar, 2000, 69, 4, 13–44; Madhusree Mukerjee, The Land of Naked People: Encounters with Stone Age Islanders (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003); and Chris Sinha, et al., “When Time is Not Space: The Social and Linguistic Construction of Time Intervals in An Amazonian Culture,” Language and Cognition, 2011, 3, 1. Similar evidence for vestiges of bicamerality in tribes studied worldwide in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is described by the French anthropologist Lucien Lévy-Bruhl in Primitive Mentality (AMS Press, 1923/1975), which was part of Jaynes’s source material. — Ed.
32.01See note 2 on page 290.
32.02Recent advances in brain imaging technologies have now made the neural correlates of consciousness a viable topic for research. In one recent study, French neuroscientist Renaud Jardri and his colleagues investigated brain areas involved in inner speech and self-awareness. See Renaud Jardri, Delphine Pins, Maxime Bubrovszky, Pascal Despretz, Jean-Pierre Pruvo, Marc Steinling, and Pierre Thomas, “Self-awareness and Speech Processing: An fMRI Study,” Neuroimage, 2007, 35, 4. — Ed.
32.03See Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China,” in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.) Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
33.01Robert Epstein, Robert P. Lanza, and B.F. Skinner, “‘Self-awareness’ in the Pigeon,” Science, 1981, 212, 695–696.
33.02Gordon G. Gallup, Jr. “Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition,” Science, 1970, 167, 86–87.
33.03See Julian Jaynes, “In A Manner of Speaking: Commentary On Cognition and Consciousness in Non-Human Species,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1978, 1, 578–579. Reprinted as Chapter 10 of this volume.
33.04G.E. Moore, Philosophical Studies (London: Routledge & Keagan Paul, 1922).
33.05Bertrand Russell, Analysis of Mind (London: Allen & Unwin, 1921); Philosophy (New York: Norton, 1927).
33.06J.D. Rainer, S. Abdullah, and J.C. Altshuler, “Phenomenology of Hallucinations in the Deaf,” in W. Keup (ed.), Origin and Mechanisms of Hallucinations (New York: Plenum, 1970).
33.07See Judith Weissman, “Vision, Madness, and Morality: Poetry and the Theory of the Bicameral Mind,” Georgia Review, 1979, 33, 118–148; “Somewhere in Earshot: Yeats’ Admonitory Gods,” Pequod, 1982, 14, 16–31.
33.08See G.C. Field, Plato and His Contemporaries (New York: Dutton, 1930).
33.09Homeric Hymn to Demeter, lines 271 ff.
33.10Julian Jaynes, “The Meaning of King Tut,” Princeton Alumni Weekly, 1979, June, 16–17. Reprinted in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.) Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
33.11Julian Jaynes, “Sensory Pain and Conscious Pain,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1985, 8, 61–63.
33.12Endel Tulving, Elements of Episodic Memory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983).
33.13William James, Principles of Psychology (New York: Holt, 1890), pp. 609ff.
33.14Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Hougton Mifflin, 1976/2000).
33.15Julian Jaynes, “A Two-Tiered Theory of Emotions,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1982, 5, 434–435. Reprinted as Chapter 16 of this volume.
33.16Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976/2000), p. 84.
33.17William Whewell, Theory of Scientific Method (R.E. Butts, ed., Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1858/1968).
33.18J. Allan Hobson and Robert W. McCarley, “The Brain As A Dream State Generator: An Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of the Dream Process,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 1977, 134, 1335–1348.
33.19J.C. Hendricks, R.M. Bowker, and A.P. Morrison, “Functional Characteristics of Cats with Pontine Lesions During Sleep and Wakefulness and Their Usefulness for Sleep Research,” in W.P. Koella and P. Levin (eds.), Sleep (Basel: S. Karger, 1977).
33.20Donald B. Redford, A Study of the Biblical Story of Joseph (Genesis 37) (Leiden: Brill, 1970).
33.21Aaron Beck, Cognitive Therapy and Emotional Disorders (New York: International University Press, 1976).
33.22Donald Meichenbaum, Cognitive-Behavior Modification (New York: Plenum, 1977).
34.01M.S. Buchsbaum, D.H. Ingvar, R. Kessler, R.N. Waters, et al. , “Cerebral Glucography with Positron Tomography: Use In Normal Subjects and In Patients with Schizophrenia,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 1982, 39, 3, 251–9.
34.02Pierre Flor-Henry, “Lateralized Temporal-Limbic Dysfunction and Psychopathology,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1976, 28, 777–795; Raquel E. Gur, et al., “Brain Function in Psychiatric Disorders,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 1983, 40, 1250–1254. For a review of more recent studies confirming Jaynes’s neurological model, see Marcel Kuijsten, “Consciousness, Hallucinations, and the Bicameral Mind: Three Decades of New Research,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
34.03Jerome L. Singer and Dorothy G. Singer, Television, Imagination and Aggression (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1984).
34.04Nathan A. Harvey, Imaginary Playmates and Other Mental Phenomenon of Children (Ipsilanti: Michigan State Normal College, 1918).
34.05Émile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (New York: Free Press, 1915/1965).
34.06Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, Primitive Mentality (AMS Press, 1923/1975) and How Natives Think (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1926).
34.07See note 3, page 291.
35.01At the time of this discussion, the occurrence of auditory hallucinations among the general population had not been widely studied. Since then — and initially inspired by Jaynes’s theory — many studies have documented a higher than expected occurrence of auditory hallucinations in a wide range of normal (non-psychotic) populations including children, students, the elderly, individuals under stress or in isolation, and others. See Marcel Kuijsten, “Consciousness, Hallucinations, and the Bicameral Mind: Three Decades of New Research,” in M. Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness
(Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006). — Ed.
35.02William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (New York: Modern Library, 1929).
35.03Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
36.01Kenneth J.W. Craik, The Nature of Explanation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1943).
36.02Yehezkel Kaufmann, The Religion of Ancient Israel, M. Greenberg translation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960).
36.03Genesis 31:30.
36.04I Samuel 31:9; I Chronicles 10:9.
36.05See, for example, I Chronicles 16:26.
36.06David M. Bear and Paul Fedio, “Quantitative Analysis of Interictal Behavior and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy,” Archives of Neurology, 1977, 34, 454–467.
36.07Other studies have found hyperreligiosity associated with both right and left temporal lobe epilepsy. See for example “Sudden Religious Conversions in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy” by Dewhurst and Beard (1970) and “Hyperreligiousity in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy” by Tucker and Novelly (1987). Important here is the fact that handedness is often not reported, as the left hemisphere can often be the nondominant hemisphere for language in left handed patients (see S. Knecht, et al., “Handedness and Hemispheric Language Dominance in Humans,” Brain, 2000, 123). Other studies have reported a greater instance of hyperreligiosity in cases of epilepsy in the non-dominant (usually the right) temporal lobe, such as Roberts, Robertson, and Trimble, “The Lateralizing Significance of Hypergraphia in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1982. As Jaynes suggests, an interaction between the left and right temporal lobes seems likely. A right-left temporal lobe interaction has also been found during auditory verbal hallucinations (see Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness, pgs. 116–126). Also relevant here are cases of psychosis resulting from temporal lobe epilepsy (S. Nadkarni, et al., “Psychosis in Epilepsy Patients,” Epilepsia, 2007). Only Jaynes’s bicameral mind theory accounts for why the right temporal lobe would be implicated in both hyperreligiosity and auditory verbal hallucinations. — Ed.
36.08Ioan M. Lewis, Ecstatic Religion: An Anthropological Study of Spirit Possession and Shamanism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971).
36.09Julian Jaynes, “The Ghost of A Flea: Visions of William Blake,” Art/World, 1981, 5, 3–6. Reprinted in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006).
37.01Burton S. Rosner, “Brain Functions,” Annual Review of Psychology, 1970, 21, 555–594.
37.02Paul D. MacLean, The Triune Concept of the Brain and Behavior (Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1974).
37.03See David Foulkes, Children’s Dreaming and the Development of Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002). David Foulkes was a professor at Emory University at the time and attended this lecture. The influence of Jaynes’s ideas can be seen in Foulkes’s book. —Ed.
37.04See Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, Primitive Mentality (AMS Press, 1923/1975) and How Natives Think (Arno Press, 1926/1979).
37.05See also note 3, page 291.
37.06See also note 7, page 340.
37.07See Tadanobu Tsunoda, “Functional Differences Between Right- and Left-Cerebral Hemispheres Detected by the Key-Tapping Method,” Brain and Language, 1975, 2 and “Difference in the Mechanism of Emotion in Japanese and Westerner,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1979, 31.
38.01For more on the transition from bicameralism to consciousness in China see Michael Carr, “The Shi ‘Corpse/Personator’ Ceremony in Early China,” in Marcel Kuijsten (ed.), Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness (Henderson, NV: Julian Jaynes Society, 2006). — Ed.