Neurological Model: Neuroimaging Auditory Hallucinations

Hypothesis Four: Jaynes’s Neurological Model – Subtopic: Neuroimaging Auditory Hallucinations
In his theory, Julian Jaynes describes the role hallucinations played in an earlier mentality called the bicameral mind, prior to the development of subjective consciousness. Jaynes’s neurological model for the bicameral mind predicts that auditory hallucinations would be generated by the language areas in the right temporal lobe and be “heard” or processed by the left. This prediction has been now been verified as accurate by numerous studies. Jaynes was not only correct about the neurology of auditory hallucinations, but decades ahead of his time. Below is a small sample of research supporting this aspect of Jaynes’s theory (highlighted text calls attention to areas of the right hemisphere that Jaynes predicted would play a role in hallucinations). See also: Right Hemisphere & Language

For more on this topic, please see “Neuroscience Confirms Julian Jaynes’s Neurological Model.”

Articles

• Cerebral Activity Associated with Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Case Study
  Bentaleb, L.A., M. Beauregard, P. Liddle, and E. Stip, Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 2002, 27, 2, 110.
• Cerebral Glucography with Positron Tomography: Use In Normal Subjects and In Patients with Schizophrenia
  Buchsbaum, M.S., D.H. Ingvar, R. Kessler, R.N. Waters, J. Cappelletti, D.P. van Kammen, A.C. King, et al., Archives of General Psychiatry, 1982, 39, 251–259.
• Regional Brain Metabolism During Auditory Hallucinations in Chronic Schizophrenia
  Cleghorn, J.M., E.S. Garnett, C. Nahmias, and G.M. Brown, The British Journal of Psychiatry, October 1990, 157, 4 , 562-570.
• Cerebral Lateralization is Delayed in Children who Later Develop Schizophrenia
  Crow, T.J., D.J. Done, and A. Sacker, Schizophrenia Research, 1996, 22, 3, 181–185.
• Time Course of Regional Brain Activity Accompanying Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia
  Hoffman, R.E., B. Pittman, R.T. Constable, Z. Bhagwagar and M. Hampson, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2011, 198, 4, 277–283.
• Activation of Bilateral Auditory Cortex during Verbal Hallucinations in a Child with Schizophrenia
  Jardri, R., D. Pins, C. Delmaire, J-L. Goeb and P. Thomas, Molecular Psychiatry, April 2007, 12, 4, 319.
• Functional MRI of Verbal Self-Monitoring in Schizophrenia
  Kumari, V., D. Fannon, D.H. ffytche, V. Raveendran, E. Antonova, et al., Schizophrenia Bulletin, November 7, 2008.
• Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Neural Activity Associated with Auditory Hallucinations
  Lennox, B.R., S. Bert, G. Park, P.B. Jones, and P.G. Morris, Lancet, 1999, 353, 644.
• The Functional Anatomy of Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia
  Lennox B.R., S.B. Park, I. Medley, P.G. Morris, and P.B. Jones, Psychiatry Research, November 2000, 100, 1, 13–20.
• The Brain’s Voices: Comparing Nonclinical Auditory Hallucinations and Imagery
  Linden, David E.J., Katy Thornton, Carissa N. Kuswanto, Stephen J. Johnston, Vincent van de Ven and Michael C. Jackson, Cerebral Cortex, 2010, 21, 2, 330–337.
• Functional Anatomy of Auditory Verbal Imagery in Schizophrenic Patients With Auditory Hallucinations
  Shergill, S.S., E. Bullmore, A. Simmons, R. Murray, and P. McGuire, American Journal of Psychiatry, October 2000, 157, 1691–1693.
• Engagement of Brain Areas Implicated in Processing Inner Speech in People with Auditory Hallucinations
  Shergill S.S., M.J. Brammer, R. Fukuda, S.C. Williams, R.M. Murray, and P.K. McGuire, British Journal of Psychiatry, June 2003, 182, 525–31.
• Temporal Course of Auditory Hallucinations
  Shergill S.S., M.J. Brammer, E. Amaro, S.C. Williams, R.M. Murray, and P.K. McGuire, British Journal of Psychiatry, December 2004, 185, 516–7.
• Can fMRI-guidance Improve the Efficacy of rTMS Treatment for Auditory Verbal Hallucinations?
  Sommer, I.E.C., C.W. Slotema, A.D. de Weijer, J. Blom, K. Daalman, S. Neggers, M. Somers, H. Hoek, A. Aleman, and R. Kahn, Schizophrenia Research, 2007, 93, 1, 406–8.
• Auditory Verbal Hallucinations Predominantely Activate the Right Inferior Frontal Area
  Sommer, I.E.C., K.M.J. Diederen, J-D. Blom, A. Willems, L. Kushan, K. Slotema, M.P.M. Boks, K. Daalman, H.W. Hoek, S.F.W. Neggers, and R.S. Kahn, Brain, October 13, 2008.
• Language Production in the Non-Dominant Hemisphere as a Potential Source of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations
  Sommer, Iris E. and Kelly M. Diederen, Brain, 2009, 132, 10, e124.
• Auditory Hallucinations After Right Temporal Gyri Resection
  Stewart, Bronagh and D.M. Brennan, Journal of Neuropsychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, May 2005, 17, 243–245.
• Language Lateralization in Unmedicated Patients during an Acute Episode of Schizophrenia: A Functional MRI Study
  Weiss, E.M., A. Hofer, S. Golaszewski, C. Siedentopf, S. Felber, and W.W. Fleischhacker, Psychiatry Research, 2006, 146, 185–190.
• Auditory Hallucinations and the Temporal Cortical Response to Speech in Schizophrenia: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
  Woodruff, P.W.R., I.C. Wright, E.T. Bullmore, M. Brammer, R.J. Howard, S.C.R. Williams, J. Shapleske, S. Rossell, A.S. David, P.K. McGuire, and R.M. Murray, American Journal of Psychiatry, 1997, 154, 1676–1682.
• Auditory Hallucinations in Acute Stroke
  Yampl, Y., M. Lorberboym, R. Gilad, M. Boaz, and M. Sadeh, Behavioural Neurology, 2005, 16, 4, 211–216.

Books

Language Lateralization and Psychosis Sommer, Iris E.C. and René S. Kahn (eds.) (Cambridge University Press, 2009) In 1861 Paul Broca discovered that, in most individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain is dominant for language. Taking language as an example, the first part of this book explains the normal development of bodily asymmetry and lateralization, its association with hand preference, genetic aspects, geographical differences and the influence of gender. The coverage then moves on to review the association between language lateralization and psychosis, describing findings in patients with schizophrenia to suggest the dominant hemisphere may fail to completely inhibit the language areas in the non-dominant half. The language allowed to ‘release’ from the right hemisphere can lead to psychotic symptoms including auditory verbal hallucinations and formal thought disorder. This book should be read by psychiatrists, neurologists and neuroscientists working in the field of psychosis and other brain scientists interested in laterality.